Educating the Russian Peasantry: The Elementary School Reforms of Count Dmitrii Tolstoi

Slavic Review ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
Allen Sinel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Power ◽  
School Reforms ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

Throughout the nineteenth century the Russian government brooded over the part it should play in education. On the one hand, no great power could now maintain itself without a literate, well-trained population; on the other, schools provided the intellectual equipment, and sometimes even the stimulus, to criticize the social and political structure of Russia. Thus, the more the autocracy encouraged the spread of education essential to the well-being of the state, the more it contributed to the growth of antistate elements. This paper will analyze the efforts of Count Dmitrii Tolstoi, Minister of Education 1866-80, to resolve this problem in the field of elementary education.

A Work of Combat: Mulatto Historians and the Haitian Past, 1847-1867

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Party ◽  
The South ◽  
Liberal Party ◽  
Predominantly Black ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
The One

One of the striking facts about the social and political history of Haiti from independence in 1804 to the present is the deep gulf separating the largely mulatto elite groups from the predominantly black masses. The war of the South in 1799 between Toussaint and Rigaud, and the conflicts between Christophe and Pétion, while not primarily caused by color factors, were reinforced by suspicions and hostilities between black and mulatto, with each group accusing the other of prejudice and discrimination. Politics in the rest of the nineteenth century can generally be seen as a tussle between a mulatto elite centered in the capital and in the cities of the South, on the one hand, and a small black elite often in alliance with army leaders and peasant irregulars, on the other. In the years following 1867 these groups formalized themselves into a largely mulatto Liberal Party, and a preponderantly black National Party.

scholarly journals Internal and External Structure of Ruthenian Letters in Early Modern Lithuania

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Andrej Ryčkov
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
External Structure ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

A thorough analysis of approximately one hundred unpublished and about seventy published letters written by Lithuanian noblemen and the Grand Duke of Lithuania led to a conclusion that there were three distinct types of letters. They represent correspondence between socially unequal as well as equal individuals. The external structure of a letter does not indicate the social differences between the addresser and the addressee. On the one hand, the external structure of a letter did not represent the addressers themselves; first of all, it was relevant for the intermediaries who confirmed the authenticity of the letters, registered the correspondence, and handed in the letters. On the other hand, the format of the seal is not a reliable indicator as well. The Lithuanian nobility, when communicating amongst themselves, sealed their letters with signets, while in correspondences with foreign countries they normally used larger seals. The Salutation (Latin: salutatio) is the element of a letter’s internal structure that is essential for understanding the power and status relation between an addresser and an addressee. Only “partners” of equal status informed each other on their health conditions or asked about each other’s well-being.

Reforms and Deficits: Ottoman Response to European Challenges

2018 ◽  
pp. 90-111
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Turkey ◽  
The One ◽  
Independence Movements

This chapter discusses the Ottoman reforms as well as the efforts to finance them. The Ottoman government, faced with the challenges from provincial notables and independence movements that were gaining momentum in the Balkans, on the one hand, and the growing military and economic power of Western Europe, on the other, began to implement a series of reforms in the early decades of the nineteenth century. These reforms and the opening of the economy began to transform the political and economic institutions very rapidly. The chapter shows the social and economic roots of modern Turkey thus need to be sought, first and foremost, in the changes that took place during the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals Manuais Pedagógicos em Comparação: Cours Pratique de Pédagogie, de Daligault (1851), e Compêndio de Pedagogia, de B. J. M. Cordeiro (1874)

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
José Carlos Souza Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Teacher Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Schools ◽  
Teacher Formation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Totality ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The One ◽  
Formación Docente

O objeto dessa investigação é de caráter comparativo, e envolve dois manuais pedagógicos, destinados à formação docente, que vieram a público no Brasil na segunda metade do século XIX, um de origem francesa, e o outro brasileira. Serão privilegiadas as concepções de Educação, ângulo teórico da Pedagogia, neles presentes. Seus autores são, pela ordem, Jean-Baptiste Daligault e Braulio Jayme Muniz Cordeiro. Tais manuais serão enfocados como expressões singulares da Pedagogia da Essência, através da vertente humanista cristã, mas encontram-se assentados em relações culturais, políticas, religiosas, educacionais e escolares. De um lado, são singulares em relação à totalidade social, constituindo-se como compartilhantes do processo de formação e qualificação docente no Brasil, àquela altura ainda através das escolas de primeiras letras; de outro, em termos de totalidade social, estão radicados em concepções fundadas na Antropologia, na Ética, na Metafísica de caráter teológico, na Política, no Civismo, na Teologia, na Pedagogia, porém demarcadas pela visão de mundo cristã.Palavras-chave: Pedagogia. Manuais Pedagógicos. Formação de Professores. Escolas Normais. Teorias Pedagógicas. AbstractThe object of this research is a comparative one, and involves two pedagogical manuals, destined to the teacher formation, that came to public in Brazil in the second half of the nineteenth century, one of French origin, and the other Brazilian. The conceptions of Education, theoretical angle of Pedagogy, present in them will be privileged. Its authors are, in order, Jean-Baptiste Daligault and Braulio Jayme Muniz Cordeiro. These manuals will be focused as singular expressions of Essay Pedagogy, through the Christian humanist side, but are based on cultural, political, religious, educational and school relations. On the one hand, they are singular in relation to the social totality, constituting themselves as sharers of the process of teacher training and qualification in Brazil, at that time still through the schools of first letters; on the other, in terms of social totality, are rooted in concepts based on Anthropology, Ethics, Metaphysics of theological character, Politics, Civics, Theology, and Pedagogy, but demarcated by the Christian worldview.Keywords: Pedagogy. Pedagogical Manuals. Teacher training. Normal Schools. Pedagogical Theories.ResumenEl objeto de esta investigación es una comparación entre dos manuales pedagógicos destinados a la formación docente, los cuales vieron la luz en Brasil en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, uno de origen francés y otro brasileño. Serán privilegiadas las concepciones sobre Educación y la visión teórica de la Pedagogía presentes en ellos. Sus autores son, por orden, Jean-Baptiste Daligault y Braulio Jayme Muniz Cordeiro. Tales manuales serán enfocados como expresiones singulares de la Pedagogía de la Esencia, a través de la vertiente humanista cristiana, pero encontrándose asentados en las relaciones culturales, políticas, religiosas, educacionales y escolares. De un lado, son singulares con respecto a la totalidad social, constituyéndose como participantes del proceso de formación y calificación docente en Brasil, entonces todavía a la altura de las primeras letras; de otro lado, en términos de totalidad social, están anclados en concepciones fundamentadas en la Antropología, la Ética, la Metafísica de carácter teológico, en la Política, el Civismo, la Teología, la Pedagogía y por eso demarcadas en la visión cristiana del mundo.Palabras-claves: Pedagogía. Manuales Pedagógicos. Formación de Profesores. Escuelas Normales. Teorías Pedagógicas.

Freedom and Well-Being

2021 ◽  
pp. 351-439
Author(s):  
John Skorupski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The One ◽  
Spiritual Freedom

John Stuart Mill is, on the one hand, a man of the Enlightenment, and on the other, the greatest liberal idealist of the nineteenth century. This chapter surveys his philosophy, interpreting it as a synthesis of epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics for the modern age comparable to that of Hegel. The two syntheses are opposed in fundamental respects, notably on the question of individualism and holism, yet in both of them freedom is the governing idea. The first two sections examine Mill’s intellectual development and his naturalism. In the third section his fundamental rethinking of utilitarianism is considered. The final section considers his philosophy of freedom, which takes a Schillerian inner or spiritual freedom to be the leading essential of well-being. The implications are traced through his social and political theory, notably in On Liberty and The Subjection of Women.

Reality and its Refraction in Descriptions of Women in Haskalah Fiction

2001 ◽  
pp. 144-165
Author(s):  
Tova Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Women Readers ◽  
Social Agenda ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
Gender Specific

This chapter analyses the depiction of women in nineteenth-century Haskalah literature, demonstrating just how gender-specific this was. Haskalah literature was written by men for a male audience, and the maskilim were taken by surprise when women readers and writers began to appear in the 1860s. The chapter then outlines two extremes of the literary image of women. On the one hand is the idealized depiction of the goddess or angel. On the other hand is the critical depiction of the insensitive, crass, and domineering woman. Both of these images derive from literary conventions. The chapter examines the interplay of these conventions with the social experience and social agenda of the maskilim.

scholarly journals La puissance des clichés langagiers dans La Cousine Bette de Balzac : entre le dévoilement de stéréotypes et leur reconnaissance par le lecteur contemporain

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
July Monarchy ◽  
Negative Image ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

The aim of this article is to examine the stereotypy in Balzac’s novel Cousin Bette, by relying on the scene of a famous confrontation between Célestin Crevel and his metaphysical opposite – Baroness Hulot d’Ervy. José-Luis Diaz underlines that the Balzacian stereotype imposes itself as the imitation of the social norm and all kinds of linguistic, sartorial, behavioral automatisms etc. His research justifies the use of the concept of stereotype in relation to Balzac’s creation, especially because the nineteenth century only knows its meaning in printing. Thanks to the notion of stereotype, we can question on its influence on the behavior of the protagonists. We are also able to identify the character of the social norm of the time and its regulatory mechanisms. On the one hand, the excessively fixed language, like the cliché, allows the writer to imitate the material preoccupations of the bourgeoisie under the July Monarchy by forging, in the reader’s mind, his negative image. On the other hand, this analysis shows that the protagonist’s expression goes beyond linguistic mimicry. The stereotype allows a certain stylistic originality by which the protagonists give the reader a look into their belief systems. In this sense, the stereotype is a mechanism of regulation : it complicates the characters, creates an impression of reality. Finally, this stylistic enity capture the reader’s attention with logically permissible ideas that are morally unacceptable.

Lorenzo at ‘The Theatre’ Meeting actors and audience

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-38
Author(s):  
N. Ceramella
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The One

The article considers two versions of D. H. Lawrence’s essay The Theatre: the one which appeared in the English Review in September 1913 and the other one which Lawrence published in his first travel book Twilight in Italy (1916). The latter, considerably revised and expanded, contains a number of new observations and gives a more detailed account of Lawrence’s ideas.Lawrence brings to life the atmosphere inside and outside the theatre in Gargnano, presenting vividly the social structure of this small northern Italian town. He depicts the theatre as a multi-storey stage, combining the interpretation of the plays by Shakespeare, D’Annunzio and Ibsen with psychological portraits of the actors and a presentation of the spectators and their responses to the plays as distinct social groups.Lawrence’s views on the theatre are contextualised by his insights into cinema and its growing popularity.What makes this research original is the fact that it offers a new perspective, aiming to illustrate the social situation inside and outside the theatre whichLawrenceobserved. The author uses the material that has never been published or discussed before such as the handwritten lists of box-holders in Gargnano Theatre, which was offered to Lawrence and his wife Frieda by Mr. Pietro Comboni, and the photographs of the box-panels that decorated the theatre inLawrence’s time.

Interactional means of teaming up: enacting the features of contemporary working life in a theater performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riikka Nissi ◽  
Melisa Stevanovic
Keyword(s):  
Working Life ◽  
Social World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Social ◽  
Workplace Organization ◽  
The One

Abstract The article examines how the aspects of the social world are enacted in a theater play. The data come from a videotaped performance of a professional theater, portraying a story about a workplace organization going through a personnel training program. The aim of the study is to show how the core theme of the play – the teaming up of the personnel – is constructed in the live performance through a range of interactional means. By focusing on four core episodes of the play, the study on the one hand points out to the multiple changes taking place both within and between the different episodes of the play. On the other hand, the episodes of collective action involving the semiotic resources of singing and dancing are shown to represent the ideals of teamwork in distinct ways. The study contributes to the understanding of socially and politically oriented theater as a distinct, pre-rehearsed social setting and the means and practices that it deploys when enacting the aspects of the contemporary societal issues.

Benson and Miller in Perspective

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 242-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Kuklick
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Applied Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Stock Of Knowledge

Despite differences in coloration Miller and Benson are birds of a feather. Although he is no Pollyanna, Miller believes that there has been a modest and decent series of advances in the social sciences and that the most conscientious, diligent, and intelligent researchers will continue to add to this stock of knowledge. Benson is much more pessimistic about the achievements of yesterday and today but, in turn, offers us the hope of a far brighter tomorrow. Miller explains Benson’s hyperbolic views about the past and future by distinguishing between pure and applied science and by pointing out Benson’s naivete about politics: the itch to understand the world is different from the one to make it better; and, Miller says, because Benson sees that we have not made things better, he should not assume we do not know more about them; Benson ought to realize, Miller adds, that the way politicians translate basic social knowledge into social policy need not bring about rational or desirable results. On the other side, Benson sees more clearly than Miller that the development of science has always been intimately intertwined with the control of the environment and the amelioration of the human estate.

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