The Dioscuri in the Balkans

Slavic Review ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Chance Coincidence ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Initiation Ritual ◽  
The Village

This article is an attempt to establish a certain number of conclusions concerning the Dioscuri which are different from previous surmises. These conclusions are: First, an individual, on horseback or on foot, shown stabbing another figure beneath need not represent the triumph of good over evil, or the vanquishing of a foe, and in a set number of cases does not represent this. Second, at least one kind of antique mystery cult did not develop from a puberty initiation ritual, but from something else. Third, much of pre-Greek, or perhaps Thracian, religion, as indicated by contemporary ethnographic survivals, may have consisted of one extended ritual which could be segmented for a number of different purposes, excluding that of puberty initiation, for which, in this context, I have found no trace. Finally, the Dioscuri were an anthropomorphized object, of an ascertain-able kind. The evidence leading to these conclusions is given below.In the village of Mijatovci, in Hercegovina, at the site known as “Kalufi,” there was a tombstone dated to the fifteenth century on which is depicted a woman between horsemen (Figure 1). The same, or a similar, motif appears on other tombstones in neighboring graveyards (Figure 2, d, e). These horsemen have been identified with the Dioscuri. That is to say, they exhibit such striking features in common with classical monuments known to be representations of the Dioscuri that the possibility of chance coincidence is, in fact, eliminated.

scholarly journals Economic Forms in Pre-Colonial Ghana

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Hymer
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
New Class ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
The Village

This paper uses a simple physiocratic model to examine forms of economic organization prevailing in Ghana before it was incorporated into the British Empire at the end of the nineteenth century. It is divided into three parts. The first analyzes the village subsistence economy and suggests that the egalitarian nature of the land-tenure system prevented the emergence of a land-owning class and the appropriation of an economic surplus. This led to an economic structure characterized by a low level of material production and a low degree of specialization and exchange. The second part analyzes forms of economic organization associated with long distance trade: that is, the very old northern trade with other parts of Africa, and the southern coastal trade with Europe which began in the fifteenth century. It argues that foreign trade not only expanded the consumption possibilities of the society, as predicted by the theory of international trade, but also introduced a new class structure and greater income inequality, since it allowed a small group to appropriate a surplus for its own use. The third part discusses the relevance of Pre-Colonial forms to twentieth century economic development.

A Mycenaean Pictorial Vase of the Fifteenth Century B.C. from Laconia

1971 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
K. Demacopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
East Side ◽  
Early Date ◽  
The Village ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Brown Clay

The large pictorial jug published here (Plate 12 a-d) was discovered in 1966 in a plundered Mycenaean chamber tomb at the site Melathria, near the village of Skoura in Laconia. Skoura is close to Sparta, opposite to and east of the Vapheio tholos tomb, on the east side of the river Eurotas.It is a most unusual Mycenaean vase, remarkable for its pictorial decoration at such an early date. In view of the shape of the vase and its linear decoration, it seems to be one of the earliest pictorial vases yet found on the mainland of Greece.The jug, which is now exhibited in Sparta Museum (Inv. no. 5533), has been restored from fragments, and large pieces of the belly have been completed with plaster. It can be described as follows: Tall jug with cut-away neck (Plate 12a). Light brown clay, polished yellow-pink surface, lustrous red paint which in places has adhered badly and flaked away.

scholarly journals Pitanje ilirske komponente stanovnistva jugoistocnog dela Donje Panonije u savremenim istrazivanjima

Balcanica ◽  
2002 ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Milena Milin
Keyword(s):  
The Balkans ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
Sava River ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Village ◽  
Important Evidence ◽  
The Sava River

Following the Symposium on distribution of the Illyrians (4th to 2nd centuries B.C., Sarajevo, 1964), the view that the northern border of the Illyrians ran along the line even much southerner than the Sava (nn.2-8) has been firmly established in our archeology; this attitude has been extended to the Illyrian tribes in Roman times (n.7). At the same time, historians of the pre-Roman and Roman periods in the Balkans still hold the view of predominantly Illyrian origins of the tribes from Lower Pannonia, between the Danube and the lower course of the Sava river (n.9), based on contemporary historiographic epigraphic and linguistic evidence. Therefore, the author dwelled on the issue whether the Illyrian name, and in which meaning, may be applied to the inhabitants of Lower Pannonia in the Roman times as well. According to ancient literary sources (Strabo and Apian) it follows that the Pannonian tribes in the ancient times were deemed to be Illyrian (pp. 2-3). Furthermore in mythology, the Pannonios was the descendant of Illyrians (App. Illyr. 2; cf. Papazoglu 1969, 265 n. 233), which points to the common awareness of being part of Lower Pannonia and other Illyrian tribes. Important evidence for this issue is deemed to be anthroponyms as well; Pannonian names in the research to date have shown to be different from Illyrian (p. 7 with note). The author gives the examples of names Dassius and Liccaius, epigraphically confirmed with Breuck and Amantino (6, note 30, and p. 7 with note), which she considers to have originated from Illyrian territory proper; that is proved by a wax tablet from Dacia, where the words Dassius Verzonis, Pirusta ex Kavieretio and Liccaius Epicadi were written (tab. cer. VI; cf. p. 8). As is well known, parts of the Illyrian population from southern Dalmatia were relocated to work in Dacia mines; that this is the case here as well is proved by referring to an Illyrian ethnic, Pirust, as well as the name of the village. On account of the closeness in spiritual and cultural spheres, the awareness of the common mythical forefather, similarities or sameness in anthroponyms, there is no justification, at least regarding the Roman times, for distinguishing the inhabitants of Pannonia from (other) Illyrians, even if the issue of their ethnical connection or identicalness is not considered.

scholarly journals ENSEMBLE OF CONSTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES IN THE CASTLE OF RICOTE (MURCIA, SPAIN)

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 1011-1016
Author(s):  
I. Almela ◽  
L. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
The West ◽  
Lime Mortar ◽  
Stratigraphic Analysis ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Village

Abstract. The Castle of Ricote, also known as Los Peñascales, is a fortification on a steep hill of the Ricote Valley overlooking the Vega Media of the Segura River, to the east, and the village of Ricote to the west. According to written sources, the history of this castle dates back from the ninth century. However, its military and administrative weight persisted even after the Christian conquest, when it became the headquarters of the Order of Santiago, until the fifteenth century. Despite its poor state of repair, the use of the castle overtime can be established on the site by means of a rather complex sequence of phases and a very heterogeneous set of construction techniques. Although it has been hard to accomplish a complete analysis, in this paper we have attempted a stratigraphic analysis and a synthesis of the techniques used in the medieval interventions, which are highly relevant due to their diversity and special features. Among them, the following have been covered: stonework with lime mortar built through shuttering, rammed earth, and lime-crusted rammed earth. In addition, the two main phases detected, and their respective techniques will also be underlined, since they are present consistently throughout the whole castle.

scholarly journals THE EMERGENCE OF GAUDIYA VAISHNAVISM IN MANIPUR AND ITS IMPACT ON NAT SANKIRTANA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Subhendu Manna
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Village

The Gaudiya Vaishnavism that emerged with Shri Chaitanya in the fifteenth century continued even after his passing in the hands of his disciples and spread to far-away Manipur. Bhagyachandra – the King of Manipur along with his daughter Bimbabati Devi, visited Nabadwip and established a temple to Lord Govinda which stands till today in the village called Manipuri in Nabadwip. Therefore, the strand of Bengal’s Gaudiya Vaishnavism that Bhagyachandra brought to Manipur continues to flow through the cultural life of the Manipuri people even today, a prime example of which is Nat Sankirtana. The influence of Gaudiya Vaishnavism on Nat Sankirtana is unparalleled.

scholarly journals Waarom die vorm en oriëntatie van Borssele?

Bulletin KNOB ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Pieter Van der Weele ◽  
Reinout Rutte
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Conscious Decision ◽  
The Family ◽  
Double Symmetry ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

The village of Borssele was founded in 1616 in a polder of the same name on the island of Zuid-Beveland in the province of Zeeland. The driving force behind both the diking of the polder and the construction of the village during the Twelve Year Truce (1609-1621) in the young Dutch Republic was the mayor of the city of Goes, Cornelis Soetwater. This article argues that the unusual form and orientation of the Borssele village plan reflects a conscious decision by Soetwater to combine and improve on the best of the Zeeland’s impoldering and village planning tradition, and on the most striking old Zuid-Beveland villages. Soetwater’s decision to give Borssele’s main square a resolutely northern orientation and an unconventional, rotated positioning within the polder grid, and to model its plan on that of the most distinctive medieval villages on the islands of Zuid-Beveland, Nisse and Kloetinge, served to anchor the new village emphatically in its immediate surroundings. Moreover, Borssele represents the culmination of an honourable tradition initiated during the fifteenth century by the Zeeland nobleman Adriaan van Borssele with the construction of ringstraatdorpen[1] such as Dirksland, Sommelsdijk and Middelharnis, in the large Flakkee polders. The marquises of Bergen op Zoom and the family of Orange continued this tradition during the sixteenth century in the construction of Willemstad and Colijnsplaat, among others. Soetwater exploited the symbolic significance of these new villages, which was as important to Adriaan van Borssele and his followers as their economic and administrative function, for his own purposes. By continuing a trend towards orthogonality and symmetry in the layout of sixteenth-century ringstraatdorpen in the double symmetry of the Borssele street plan, Soetwater was able to emphasize the victory of rationality over chaos. Not just in the sense that the wild water had been turned into orderly cultural landscape, but also in the sense that after many years of war, the Twelve Year Truce had ushered in a period of peace, order and the prospect of a bright future. [1]  The ringstraatdorp was a combination of two older types of Zeeland village plans, the kerkringdorp and the voorstraatdorp. Its main street (voorstraat) was perpendicular to the polder dike and its landward end terminated in a kerkring (church encircled by a street).

The Two Anglo-Bulgarian Research Programmes and the Results of the Bulgarian Excavations

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. SLOKOSKA
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Late Roman

In 1985, archaeologists from Bulgaria and Britain began a collaborative work with the initiation of two complementary projects. The first one was entitled ‘The Roman and late Roman city; Nicopolis ad Istrum’ (1985–1992) when the archaeological research of both teams was concentrated upon the Roman city and its late antique successor. The ‘City of Victory’ was founded by the emperor Trajan and is one of the largest archaelogical sites in the Balkans. The second programme represents a continuation and an expansion of the first and was entitled ‘The city and the village in the Roman and late Roman Empire: Nicopolis ad Istrum and nucleated settlement in its territory’ (1996–2002). It initiated work on the site of the late antique fortified settlement near the village of Dichin. Nicopolis, like the other cities in Thrace, was organized according to the Greek model, on similar lines to those found in the cities of Asia Minor. This influence is reflected in the character of the town, its plan, its agora and in its principal buildings.

Homage to Petrarch as Humanist Saint: Peregrinatio litterarum ergo

Moreana ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (Number 135- (3-4) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
J.B. Trapp
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Lord Byron ◽  
Giovanni Boccaccio ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Francesco Petrarca ◽  
Country House ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Village

Francesco Petrarca retired in 1370 to the small country house at Arquà, near Padua, in which he died. The house, its contents, and the great marble sarcophagus erected for his remains outside the parish church brought fame to the village, as Giovanni Boccaccio had prophesied they would. By the fifteenth century literary pilgrims were attracted to the village; in the sixteenth, house and tomb were adomed by Pietro Paolo Valdezocco, and Anton Francesco Doni proposed an elaborate memorial. In the seventeenth, Giacomo Filippo Tomasini described the village and tomb, and by the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the site had become popular with tourists, Lord Byron included. Among the attractions was the mummified corpse of a cat, said to have belonged to the poet.

The Gypsies of Romania Since 1990*

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Crowe
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Over Time

The Roma or Gypsies entered Romania's historic provinces, Wallachia and Moldavia, in the twelfth century. Over the next 200 years, the Roma, who had come to the Balkans from northern India, were enslaved. By the fifteenth century, the practice of Gypsy slavery was widespread throughout the two provinces. In part, their enslavement came about as a means of securing Gypsy skills as craftsmen, metalsmiths, musicians, and equine specialists. Over time, a complex body of laws was passed in Wallachia and Moldavia to strengthen the control of Romanian noblemen over their Gypsy slaves (robi). However, by the eighteenth century, some mild efforts were undertaken to better the plight of Romanian Gypsy slaves.

scholarly journals Treasures of the Elite of the Bulgharian Ulus of the Gol­den Horde

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-546
Author(s):  
Konstantin A. Rudenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Gold Coins ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

Research objectives: To analyze the materials of the most famous hoards of the Golden Horde era found on the territory of the Bulgharian ulus on the basis of a comprehensive analysis. To identify the coincidence of jewelry that they contained. To determine the similarities and differences with other finds from this territory, as well as to identify the possible place of their manufacture and their connection with archaeological sites. Research materials: Preserved jewelry from the Karasham and Juketau hoards. The former was found in 1950 near the village of Karasham in the Zelenodolsk district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The latter was found in 1924 on the outskirts of the city of Chistopol in the Chistopol district of Tatarstan, next to the medieval settlement – the remnants of the Bulgharian city of Juketau which existed from the tenth to early fifteenth centuries. In addition to jewelry, both hoards contained silver and gold coins which made it possible to determine the time when these hoards were buried. The hoard near the village of Karasham was deposited at the beginning of the fifteenth century. The Juketau hoard was deposited in the 1350–70s. Both hoards are not fully preserved. The author carefully studied jewelry from the hoards that are now stored in the National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as in the State Hermitage. Items from other hoards of this time found in the territory of Tatarstan, as well as published materials from private collections, are also involved in the study. Results and novelty of the research: The author investigated, for the first time ever, the surviving part of the Karasham hoard, including jewelry that was not considered in the studies of other scholars. A comparative analysis of the jewelry was carried out. To find out the distribution of such jewelry, a search was made for analogies and similar jewelry that was found in other hoards as well as among the archaeological materials from settlements of the Golden Horde era. It was found that the most significant part of the Karasham hoard’s jewelry was made in the jewelry workshops of the city of Bolghar, and partly by the jewelers from other craft centers in the Golden Horde. It should be noted that jewelry was made in both gold and silver in Bolghar. The most popular products were bracelets with images of the lion’s muzzle on the ends of objects, as well as bracelets with stylized images made using niello. Such bracelets were found both in the hoard from Karasham and from Juketau. The existence of jewelry workshops in Bolghar is also confirmed by archaeological excavations. In the second half of twentieth and at the beginning of the twenty-first centuries, archaeologists found several jewelry workshops in the central part of the city dated to the fourteenth century. Crucibles, jewelry tools, and more than hundred foundry molds were discovered here. The author assumes that a famous jeweler from Bolghar named Shagidulla worked here at the beginning of fourteenth century. It was also found that the hoard from Karasham was most likely collected by several generations of the same family. In contrast, the hoard from Juketau was a personal treasure.

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