Allozyme frequencies in New Jersey and North Carolina populations of Atlantic white-cedar, Chamaecyparis thyoides (Cupressaceae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 1536-1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Kuser ◽  
Thomas R. Meagher ◽  
Deborah L. Sheely ◽  
Adam White
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Chamaecyparis Thyoides ◽  
Atlantic White Cedar

scholarly journals Seed Germination of Selected Provenances of Atlantic White-Cedar as Influenced by Stratification, Temperature, and Light

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura G. Jull ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Total Darkness ◽  
Light Requirement ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Chamaecyparis Thyoides ◽  
Atlantic White Cedar ◽  
The North ◽  
New London

Seeds of six provenances (Escambia Co., Ala.; Santa Rosa Co., Fla.; Wayne Co., N.C.; Burlington Co., N.J.; New London Co., Conn.; and Barnstable Co., Mass.) of Atlantic white-cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.] were stratified (moist-prechilled) for 0, 30, 60, or 90 days at 4 °C. Following stratification, seeds were germinated at 25 °C or an 8/16-hour thermoperiod of 30/20 °C with daily photoperiods at each temperature of 0 (total darkness), 1, or 24 hours. The germination of nonstratified seed did not exceed 18%. Seeds germinated at 25 °C required 60 to 90 days stratification to maximize germination. In contrast, 30 days stratification maximized germination at 30/20 °C. Regardless of stratification duration, germination was generally lower at 25 °C than at 30/20 °C for each provenance. Averaged over all treatments, seeds of the Alabama provenance exhibited the greatest germination (61%), followed by those from Florida (45%), with the remaining provenances ranging from 20% to 38%. However, specific treatments for each provenance induced germination >50%. Germination of seeds not exposed to light was <8%, in contrast with 48% and 55% germination for daily photoperiods of 1 and 24 hours, respectively. Seeds from each of the provenances, except for Alabama, exhibited an obligate light requirement when germinated at 25 °C. At 30/20 °C, the North Carolina, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Massachusetts provenances required light for germination, whereas the Alabama and Florida provenances did not.

Heat Tolerance of Selected Provenances of Atlantic White Cedar

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 511e-512
Author(s):  
Laura G. Jull ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Chamaecyparis Thyoides ◽  
Atlantic White Cedar ◽  
The North ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Plastic Containers

Uniform seedlings of six provenances (Escambia Co., Ala.; Santa Rosa Co., Fla.; Wayne Co., N.C.; Burlington Co., N.J.; New London Co., Conn.; and Barnstable Co., Mass.) of Atlantic white cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P.], were transplanted in Apr. 1997 into 0.95-L plastic containers with a medium of 1 peat: 1 perlite: 1 vermiculite (v/v). Plants were acclimatized at 26/22 °C under a 16-hr photoperiod for 2 weeks before treatment initiation. Fourteen seedlings per provenance were then transferred to each of five growth chambers maintained at 16/8 hr thermoperiods of 22/18 °C, 26/22 °C, 30/26 °C, 34/30 °C, or 38 /34 °C with a 16-hr photoperiod of 550–600 μmolμm–2μs–1. Seedlings were arranged in a split-plot design with a 5 × 6 factorial arrangement of treatments (5 temperatures × 6 provenances). Plants were harvested 12 weeks after treatment initiation and data recorded. Temperature had a significant effect on overall growth with responses to temperature varying according to provenance. There was a highly significant (P ≤ 0.0001) temperature × provenance interaction for height, stem caliper (measured below the lowest leaf), and foliar, stem, root, and shoot (foliar dry weight + stem dry weight) dry weights. Top and root dry weights were maximized for the northern provenances (Connecticut and Massachusetts) at 22/18 °C. At 26/22 °C and 30/26 °C, the northern provenances (Connecticut and Massachusetts) had the lowest top and root dry weights. However, the southern provenances (Alabama, Florida, and North Carolina) had the greatest top dry weights at 26/22 °C. At 30/26 °C, the southern provenances (Alabama and Florida) and the New Jersey provenance had the greatest top dry weights but they were not significantly different from 26/22 °C. Root dry weights were not significantly different between 26/22 °C and 30/26 °C for the Alabama and New Jersey provenances, but were significantly different for the North Carolina and Florida provenances. Regardless of provenance, dramatic reductions occurred for all growth measurements when temperatures exceeded 30/26 °C. For top and root dry weights, there were no significant differences among the six provenances at 34/30 °C and 38/34 °C. All plants at the highest temperatures of 38/34 °C did not survive by week 8.

scholarly journals Influence of Stratification, Temperature, and Light on Seed Germination of Selected Provenances of Atlantic White Cedar

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 546F-547
Author(s):  
Laura G. Jull ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Light Requirement ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Chamaecyparis Thyoides ◽  
Atlantic White Cedar ◽  
Seed Extraction ◽  
And Storage ◽  
New London

Cones of six provenances (Escambia Co., Ala., Santa Rosa Co., Fla., Wayne Co., N.C., Burlington Co., N.J., New London Co., Conn., and Barnstable Co., Mass.) of Atlantic white cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P.], were collected Fall 1994 (Alabama, North Carolina, New Jersey, and Connecticut), Winter 1995 (Massachusetts), or Fall 1995 (Florida). Cones were dried for 2 months, followed by seed extraction and storage at 4°C. Seeds were then graded and stratified (moist-prechilled) for 0, 30, 60, or 90 days. Following stratification, seeds were placed at 25°C or an 8/16-hr thermoperiod of 30°/20°C with daily photoperiods of 0, 1, or 24 hr. Germination was recorded every 3 days for 30 days. Temperature, stratification, and light had significant effects on germination. However, responses to these factors varied according to provenance. Averaged over all treatments, the Alabama provenance exhibited the greatest germination (61%), followed by the Florida provenance (45%), with the remaining provenances ranging from 20% to 38%. However, there were specific treatments for each provenance that resulted in germination > 50%. The three southern provenances (Alabama, Florida, and North Carolina) required 30 days of stratification for maximum germination. They did not exhibit an obligate light requirement, but photoperiods ≥ 1 hr increased germination greatly over seeds in darkness. In contrast, the northern provenances (New Jersey, Connecticut, and Massachusetts) had an obligate light requirement. These provenances only required 30 days stratification with continuous light for maximum germination. When subjected to a 1-hr photoperiod, seeds from the northern provenances required longer durations of stratification for maximum germination. Regardless of the length of stratification, the New Jersey provenance required a 24-hr photoperiod to maximize germination. When averaged over all treatments, total germination for each provenance was greater at 30°/20°C than 25°C (43% vs. 31%).

scholarly journals Growth of Containerized Atlantic White Cedar Seedlings as Affected by Container Volume, Substrate, Fertilizer, and Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1755-1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Derby ◽  
L. Eric Hinesley
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Forest Service ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
High Quality ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Chamaecyparis Thyoides ◽  
Atlantic White Cedar ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

Germination and growth of atlantic white cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.] was evaluated in response to four container volumes (98 to 530 cm3), two substrates [North Carolina Forest Service (NCFS) container mix [3 canadian peat: 2 coarse vermiculite: 1.5 perlite (by volume), and 3 composted pine bark: 1 peat (by volume)], two controlled-release fertilizers [Osmocote 15N–4.0P–10.0K (15N–9P2O5–12K2O), 12- to 14-month southern formulation, with micros; and Polyon 18N–2.6P–10.0K (18N–6P2O5–12K2O) with micros, 9-month formulation], and three irrigation frequencies (2, 3, or 4 times daily). Although growth increased up to the maximum container volume (530 cm3), the optimum for 1-year-old seedlings appeared to be 164 to 262 cm3. The higher peat content and water holding capacity of the NCFS substrate yielded better growth than 3 bark: 1 peat. Osmocote yielded larger and heavier plants than Polyon, probably owing to more available phosphorus in the former. Irrigation three times daily was optimum. Suitable manipulation of container volume, substrate, fertilizer, and irrigation should yield high quality containerized atlantic white cedar seedlings.

scholarly journals Seed Germination of Atlantic White Cedar as Influenced by Stratification, Temperature, and Light

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 565f-566
Author(s):  
Laura G. Jull ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
L.E. Hinesley
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Light Requirement ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Chamaecyparis Thyoides ◽  
Atlantic White Cedar ◽  
The North ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Seed Extraction ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
And Storage

Cones of two provenances (Wayne Co., N.C., And Escambia Co., Ala.) of Atlantic white cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P.], were collected Fall 1994. Cones were dried for 2 months, followed by seed extraction and storage at 4°C for 6 months. Seeds were graded and stratified (moist-prechilled) for 0, 30, 60, or 90 days. Following stratification, seeds were placed at 25°C or 8/16 hour thermoperiods of 25°/15°C or 30°/20°C with daily photoperiods at each temperature of 0, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 h. At the conclusion of a 30-day germination period, the Alabama provenance exhibited greater germination than the North Carolina provenance for all treatments (74% vs. 46%). There were no significant differences between 25°/15°C and 30°/20°C with regard to total percent germination for both provenances. Germination was lowest at 25°C for each provenance. In some cases, however, there were no significant differences in germination of the North Carolina provenance when stratified for 60 or 90 days and germinated at 30/20°C or 25°C (61% vs. 63%). There was a highly significant quadratic response to stratification for cumulative percent germination for both provenances. The North Carolina provenance required 90 days stratification to maximize germination (66%) in contrast to the Alabama provenance, which only needed 30 days (80%). Seeds of both provenances did not exhibit an obligate light requirement. However, photoperiods ≥1/2 h increased germination greatly over seeds in darkness (29% vs. 62%).

scholarly journals Seed Germination of Two Provenances of Atlantic White-Cedar as Influenced by Stratification, Temperature, and Light

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-163
Author(s):  
Laura G. Jull ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
L. Eric Hinesley
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Light Requirement ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Chamaecyparis Thyoides ◽  
Atlantic White Cedar ◽  
The North ◽  
High Germination

Abstract Seeds from two provenances (Wayne Co., NC, and Escambia Co., AL) of Atlantic white-cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.] were stratified (moist-prechilled) for 0, 30, 60 or 90 days at 4C (39F). Following stratification, seeds were germinated at 25C (77F) or 8/16 hr thermoperiods of 25/15C (77/59F) or 30/20C (86/68F) with daily photoperiods at each temperature of total darkness, ½, 1,2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hr. Seed germination of the Alabama provenance was greater than the North Carolina provenance for all treatments. There were no significant differences in percentage germination between 25/15C (77/59F) and 30/20C (86/68F) for any durations of stratification for either provenance. Regardless of stratification, germination was lowest at 25C (77F) for both provenances. When nonstratified seeds from the North Carolina provenance were germinated at photoperiods ≤ 12 hr, total germination never exceeded 5%, indicating an obligate light requirement. On the other hand, an obligate light requirement was not observed for seeds from the Alabama provenance since 15% of the nonstratified seeds germinated in darkness. However, for both provenances, stratification and daily photoperiods ≥ ½ hr greatly increased germination. The North Carolina provenance required 90 days stratification to maximize germination (66%), whereas the Alabama provenance needed only 30 days (80%). High germination percentages were due, in part, to rigorous seed cleaning.

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