Feeding Behavior of a Plant: Differential Prey Capture in Old and New Leaves of the Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea)

1981 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorne M. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Sarracenia Purpurea ◽  
Pitcher Plant

scholarly journals Diverse microbial communities hosted by the model carnivorous pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea: analysis of both bacterial and eukaryotic composition across distinct host plant populations

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6392
Author(s):  
Jacob J. Grothjan ◽  
Erica B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Sarracenia Purpurea ◽  
Aquatic Communities ◽  
Pitcher Plant ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Eukaryotic Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Wetland Habitats

Background The pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea supplements nutrient acquisition through carnivory, capturing insect prey which are digested by a food web community of eukaryotes and bacteria. While the food web invertebrates are well studied, and some recent studies have characterized bacteria, detailed genetic analysis of eukaryotic diversity is lacking. This study aimed to compare eukaryotic and bacterial composition and diversity of pitcher communities within and between populations of host plants in nearby but distinct wetland habitats, and to characterize microbial functions across populations and in comparison with another freshwater community. Methods Pitcher fluid was sampled from the two wetlands, Cedarburg and Sapa Bogs, community DNA was extracted, and 16S and 18S rRNA amplicons were sequenced and data processed for community-level comparisons. Results and Conclusions Bacterial diversity in the small pitcher volume rivaled that of larger aquatic communities. Between pitcher plant populations, several bacterial families (Kiloniellaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Xanthobacteraceae, Sanguibacteraceae, Oligoflexaceae, Nitrosomonadaceae, Chromatiaceae, Saprospiraceae) were significantly higher in one population. However, although predicted pitcher bacterial functions were distinct from other freshwater communities, especially for some amino acid metabolism, functions were similar across all the pitchers in the two populations. This suggests some functional redundancy among bacterial taxa, and that functions converge to achieve similar food web processes. The sequencing identified a previously under-appreciated high diversity of ciliates, Acari mites, fungi and flagellates in pitcher communities; the most abundant sequences from eukaryotic taxa were Oligohymenophorea ciliates, millipedes and Ichthyosporea flagellates. Two thirds of taxa were identified as food web inhabitants and less than one third as prey organisms. Although eukaryotic composition was not significantly different between populations, there were different species of core taxonomic groups present in different pitchers—these differences may be driven by wetland habitats providing different populations to colonize new pitchers. Eukaryotic composition was more variable than bacterial composition, and there was a poor relationship between bacterial and eukaryotic composition within individual pitchers, suggesting that colonization by eukaryotes may be more stochastic than for bacteria, and bacterial recruitment to pitchers may involve factors other than prey capture and colonization by eukaryotic food web inhabitants.

Whole body withdrawal circuit and its involvement in the behavioral hierarchy of the mollusk Clione limacina

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Norekian ◽  
R. A. Satterlie
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Withdrawal Behavior ◽  
Cerebral Neurons ◽  
Clione Limacina

1. The behavioral repertoire of the holoplanktonic pteropod mollusk Clione limacina includes a few well-defined behaviors organized in a priority sequence. Whole body withdrawal takes precedence over slow swimming behavior, whereas feeding behavior is dominant over withdrawal. In this study a group of neurons is described in the pleural ganglia, which controls whole body withdrawal behavior in Clione. Each pleural withdrawal (Pl-W) neuron has a high threshold for spike generation and is capable of inducing whole body withdrawal in a semi-intact preparation: retraction of the body-tail, wings, and head. Each Pl-W neuron projects axons into the main central nerves and innervates all major regions of the body. 2. Stimulation of Pl-W neurons produces inhibitory inputs to swim motor neurons that terminate swimming activity in the preparation. In turn, Pl-W neurons receive inhibitory inputs from the cerebral neurons involved in the control of feeding behavior in Clione, neurons underlying extrusion of specialized prey capture appendages. Thus it appears that specific inhibitory connections between motor centers can explain the dominance of withdrawal behavior over slow swimming and feeding over withdrawal in Clione.

EFFECTS OF FENITROTHION INSECTICIDE ON INHABITANTS OF LEAVES OF THE PITCHER PLANT, SARRACENIA PURPUREA L.

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L. Fairchild ◽  
D.C. Eidt ◽  
C.A.A. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Sarracenia Purpurea ◽  
Pitcher Plants ◽  
Pitcher Plant ◽  
Wyeomyia Smithii ◽  
Metriocnemus Knabi

AbstractBy injecting fenitrothion into fluid in leaves of pitcher plants, Sarracenia purpurea L., it was determined that the mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett), and the midge, Metriocnemus knabi (Coquillett), are under some risk from fenitrothion forest sprays at the rate of 210 g AI/ha. Wyeomyia smithii is slightly more susceptible than is M. knabi. Other leaf inhabitants, mites and rotifers, were not affected by initial concentrations of fenitrothion in the fluid (up to 9.6 μg/L) that did affect the mosquito and the midge.

scholarly journals Effects of a Ciliate Protozoa Predator on Microbial Communities in Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea) Leaves

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e113384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor K. Paisie ◽  
Thomas E. Miller ◽  
Olivia U. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Sarracenia Purpurea ◽  
Pitcher Plant ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

scholarly journals Context-dependent dynamics lead to the assembly of functionally distinct pitcher-plant microbiomes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonora S. Bittleston ◽  
Matti Gralka ◽  
Gabriel E. Leventhal ◽  
Itzhak Mizrahi ◽  
Otto X. Cordero
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Niche Construction ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Sarracenia Purpurea ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Pitcher Plant ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Active Debate ◽  
And Function

AbstractNiche construction through interspecific interactions can condition future community states on past ones. However, the extent to which such history dependency can steer communities towards functionally different states remains a subject of active debate. Using bacterial communities collected from wild pitchers of the carnivorous pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea, we tested the effects of history on composition and function across communities assembled in synthetic pitcher plant microcosms. We found that the diversity of assembled communities was determined by the diversity of the system at early, pre-assembly stages. Species composition was also contingent on early community states, not only because of differences in the species pool, but also because the same species had different dynamics in different community contexts. Importantly, compositional differences were proportional to differences in function, as profiles of resource use were strongly correlated with composition, despite convergence in respiration rates. Early differences in community structure can thus propagate to mature communities, conditioning their functional repertoire.

THE PROTOZOA OF THE PITCHER PLANT SARRACENIA PURPUREA

1926 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. HEGNER
Keyword(s):  
Sarracenia Purpurea ◽  
Pitcher Plant

The kinematics and mechanism of prey capture in the African pig-nosed frog (Hemisus marmoratum): description of a radically divergent anuran tongue.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (9) ◽  
pp. 2025-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Ritter ◽  
K Nishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Muscle Denervation ◽  
Genioglossus Muscle ◽  
Pulling Forces ◽  
Hydraulic Mechanism

High-speed videography and muscle denervation experiments were used to quantify the feeding kinematics of Hemisus marmoratum and to test hypotheses of muscle function. The feeding behavior of H. marmoratum, which feeds on ants and termites, differs radically from that of other frogs that have been studied. During feeding in H. marmoratum, the tongue 'telescopes' straight out of the mouth, as opposed to the 'flipping' tongue trajectory observed in most other frogs. At the time of prey contact, two lateral lobes of tissue at the tongue tip envelop the prey. These lateral lobes are capable of applying significant pulling forces to the prey and the tongue is, therefore, described as prehensile. The trajectory of the tongue can be adjusted throughout protraction so that the frog can 'aim' its tongue in all three dimensions; distance, azimuth and elevation. Bilateral denervation of the genioglossus muscles results in a complete lack of tongue protraction, indicating that the genioglossus muscle is the main tongue protractor in H. marmoratum, as in other frogs. Thus, H. marmoratum provides strong evidence of functional conservatism of the genioglossus muscle within anurans. Bilateral denervation of the hyoglossus muscle indicates that although the hyoglossus is involved in several aspects of normal tongue retraction, including the prehensile capability of the tongue tip, it is not necessary for tongue retraction. Unilateral denervation of the genioglossus muscle causes significant deviation of the tongue towards the denervated side, providing evidence for a mechanism of lateral tongue aiming. On the basis of the kinematics of prey capture, the anatomy of the tongue and the results of the denervation experiments, we propose that H. marmoratum uses a hydraulic mechanism to protract its tongue.

scholarly journals In vitro Multiplication of the Pitcher Plant Sarracenia Purpurea

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Ileana MICLEA ◽  
Rita BERNAT
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Sarracenia Purpurea ◽  
Pitcher Plant ◽  
Frame Number

The aim of the current research was to find the best plant growth regulators for the multiplication of Sarracenia purpurea. Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) was prepared with macronutrients and micronutrients at 1/3 strength, full strength vitamins, supplemented with 30 g/l sucrose and 5 g/l phytagel and autoclaved. After cooling 0.5 mg\l α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 5 mg\l 6-benzyladenine (BA) or 0.5 mg\l NAA + 3 mg\l BA were added. Young S. purpurea plants were selected and transferred to media with or without plant growth regulators and cultured for 12 weeks. At the end of this time frame number of roots, root length (cm) and number of shoots were evaluated and differences were analysed by the analysis of variance and interpreted using the Tuckey test. The largest number of roots grew in medium supplemented with 0.5 mg\l NAA but the the absence of plant growth regulators increased their length. The best conditions for shoot multiplication were provided by supplementing 1/3MS with 5 mg\l BA.

PITCHER-PLANT SARCOPHAGIDS FROM MANITOBA AND ONTARIO

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 1307-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha J. Farkas ◽  
Reinhart A. Brust
Keyword(s):  
Sarracenia Purpurea ◽  
Pitcher Plant ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Previous Summer

Sarcophagid larvae were occasionally found in pitcher-plant (Sarracenia purpurea L.) leaves from mid-June until early September during 1982–1984, in bogs located at The Pas (53°50′N, 101°15′W) and Patricia Beach (50°25′N, 96°36′W), Manitoba, and Kenora, Ontario (49°47′N, 94°29′W). Larvae were collected primarily from “new” leaves (current year's growth), but also from “old” leaves (leaves from the previous summer which retain water throughout the current season). Only one sarcophagid larva was found per leaf.

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