Embryonic Temperature Adaptations and Genetic Compatibility in Two Allopatric Populations of the Spadefoot Toad, Scaphiopus hammondi

Evolution ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Compatibility ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Spadefoot Toad ◽  
Temperature Adaptations ◽  
Embryonic Temperature

Life History Traits in a Population of Pelobates syriacus (Boettger, 1889) from Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Ufuk Bülbül ◽  
Halime Koç ◽  
Yasemin Odabaş ◽  
Ali İhsan Eroğlu ◽  
Muammer Kurnaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Spadefoot Toad ◽  
Males And Females

Age structure of the eastern spadefoot toad, Pelobates syriacus from the Kızılırmak Delta (Turkey) were assessed using phalangeal skeletochronology. Snout-vent length (SVL) ranged from 42.05 to 86.63 mm in males and 34.03 to 53.27 mm in females. Age of adults ranged from 2 to 8 years in males and 3 to 5 years in females. For both sexes, SVL was significantly correlated with age. Males and females of the toads reached maturity at 2 years of age.

scholarly journals Generalized olfactory detection of floral volatiles in the highly specialized Greya-Lithophragma nursery pollination system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian P. Schiestl ◽  
Erika A. Wallin ◽  
John J. Beck ◽  
Magne Friberg ◽  
John N. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Floral Volatiles ◽  
Pollination System ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Scenario ◽  
Plant Recognition ◽  
Hexahydrofarnesyl Acetone ◽  
Electroantennographic Detection ◽  
Local Host ◽  
Olfactory Detection

AbstractVolatiles are of key importance for host-plant recognition in insects. In the pollination system of Lithophragma flowers and Greya moths, moths are highly specialized on Lithophragma, in which they oviposit and thereby pollinate the flowers. Floral volatiles in Lithophragma are highly variable between species and populations, and moths prefer to oviposit into Lithophragma flowers from populations of the local host species. Here we used gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) to test whether Greya moths detect specific key volatiles or respond broadly to many volatiles of Lithophragma flowers. We also addressed whether olfactory detection in Greya moths varies across populations, consistent with a co-evolutionary scenario. We analyzed flower volatile samples from three different species and five populations of Lithophragma occurring across a 1400 km range in the Western USA, and their sympatric female Greya politella moths. We showed that Greya politella detect a broad range of Lithophragma volatiles, with a total of 23 compounds being EAD active. We chemically identified 15 of these, including the chiral 6, 10, 14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one (hexahydrofarnesyl acetone), which was not previously detected in Lithophragma. All investigated Lithophragma species produced the (6R, 10R)-enantiomer of this compound. We showed that Greya moths detected not only volatiles of their local Lithophragma plants, but also those from allopatric populations/species that they not encounter in local populations. In conclusion, the generalized detection of volatiles and a lack of co-divergence between volatiles and olfactory detection may be of selective advantage for moths in tracking hosts with rapidly evolving, chemically diverse floral volatiles.

Integrative taxonomic and geographic variation analyses in Cyrtodactylus aequalis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from southern Myanmar (Burma): one species, two different stories

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 151-179
Author(s):  
L. Lee Grismer ◽  
L. Wood Perry ◽  
Marta S. Grismer ◽  
Evan S.H. Quah ◽  
Myint Kyaw Thura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Inference ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Biodiversity Crisis ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Compelling Argument ◽  
Historical Accuracy ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

The historical accuracy of building taxonomies is improved when they are based on phylogenetic inference (i.e., the resultant classifications are less apt to misrepresent evolutionary history). In fact, taxonomies inferred from statistically significant diagnostic morphological characters in the absence of phylogenetic considerations, can contain non-monophyletic lineages. This is especially true at the species level where small amounts of gene flow may not preclude the evolution of localized adaptions in different geographic areas while underpinning the paraphyletic nature of each population with respect to the other. We illustrate this point by examining genetic and morphological variation among three putatively allopatric populations of the granite-dwelling Bent-toed Gecko Cyrtodactylus aequalis from hilly regions in southeastern Myanmar. In the absence of molecular phylogenetic inference, a compelling argument for three morphologically diagnosable species could be marshaled. However, when basing the morphological analyses of geographic variation on a molecular phylogeny, there is a more compelling argument that only one species should be recognized. We are cognizant of the fact however, that when dealing with rare species or specimens for which no molecular data are possible, judicious morphological analyses are the only option—and the desired option given the current worldwide biodiversity crisis.

The Use of Protein Electrophoresis for Determining Species Boundaries in Amphipods

Crustaceana ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Protein Electrophoresis ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
A Value ◽  
Electrophoretic Data

AbstractThe use of protein electrophoretic data for determining species boundaries in amphipods is addressed. Analysis of published literature on genetic differentiation in amphipods showed that pairs of allopatric populations which have genetic identities (I) above a value of 0.85 probably represent intraspecific populations, whereas pairs of populations which have genetic identities below about 0.45 probably represent different species. It was recommended that if I values fall between 0.45 and 0.85, additional factors such as evidence of a lack of gene flow between the populations, and concordant morphological variation should be considered.

Chloroplast DNA polymorphism reveals geographic structure and introgression in the Quercus crassifolia × Quercus crassipes hybrid complex in Mexico

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tovar-Sánchez ◽  
P. Mussali-Galante ◽  
R. Esteban-Jiménez ◽  
D. Piñero ◽  
D. M. Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽  
Colonization Routes ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Genetic Structure Of Populations ◽  
Hybrid Complex

Quercus crassifolia H. & B. and Quercus crassipes H. & B. are two common temperate forest species in Mexico that form hybrids when they occur in mixed (sympatric) areas. In this study, we used chloroplast microsatellite haplotypes to infer phylogeographic patterns onto the genetic structure of populations of both parental species, thus defining probable colonization routes throughout Mexico. Haplotype diversity in seven hybrid zones and four allopatric sites with nonmixed (allopatric) populations of both putative parental species was analyzed. To determine the expansion and colonization routes for the two species, we carried out a nested clade phylogeographic analysis that would allow us to infer the haplotype correspondence to a phylogeographical approach. In spite of sharing many common populations, we determined that there is a different genetic historical colonization for Q. crassipes and for Q. crassifolia. Hybrid populations had the highest levels of genetic variation (Gv), Shannon diversity index (H), and haplotype number (nh) in comparison with nonmixed/allopatric populations of their putative parentals. Furthermore, populations of hybrid zones showed the highest values of genetic differentiation FST, RST . Moreover, both species share four distinctive cpDNA haplotypes, which were most likely acquired by introgression through hybrids located in several populations throughout the Eje Neovolcánico area. This last region was confirmed to be a “hot spot” for oak diversity, a place in which different maternal lineages merged.

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