The Impact of Biological Control on the Distribution and Abundance of Chondrilla juncea in South-Eastern Australia

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Burdon ◽  
R. H. Groves ◽  
J. M. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
South Eastern Australia ◽  
Chondrilla Juncea

Variation in Chondrilla juncea L. in south-eastern Australia

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
VJ Hill ◽  
RH Groves
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
South Eastern Australia ◽  
Chondrilla Juncea

Three variants or forms of Chondrilla juncea L. (skeleton weed) are distinguished in south-eastern Australia. The forms (designated A, B, and C) differ in inflorescence morphology and fruit characters, but mainly in the shape of rosette leaves, for which quantitative expressions of the differences have been developed. There were no significant differences within each form in rosette leaf shape when grown in a wide range of environments. First and second progenies of the three forms, presumably apomictic, retained the identity of their parents, as did leaves of rosettes arising vegetatively from the root system after removal of the parental rosette. The geographical limits of distribution of the forms are given, based on results from field observations and from plants grown in a glasshouse either from seed or clonal material. Plants of form A are widespread and occur in south-eastern Australia over a wide range of latitude, climate, and soil type. With one exception, the distribution of plants of forms B and C in 1969 was restricted to central New South Wales, where the forms are distributed sympatrically with plants of form A. Form B plants are confined at present to an area bounded approximately by Young, Orange, Peak Hill, and Marsden, though these boundaries are extending. Leaf emergence rates, times to stem elongation, and times to flowering are presented for the three forms. Differences between forms in these characters under some conditions are shown to exist, as well as differences between forms in their ability to regenerate vegetatively. Form C plants, at present more restricted geographically, seem to have a greater potential for regeneration from rootstocks than form A plants, already widespread throughout south-eastern Australia. The variation described in this paper is discussed in relation to control of other weed species, especially apomicts.

The Phenology of the Native Dung Beetle Onthophagus-Australis (Guerin) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) in South-Eastern Australia

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Tyndale-Biscoe ◽  
J Walker
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
New Generation ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Onthophagus australis (Guerin) is predominantly univoltine at two sites in south-eastern Australia, with Peaks Of activity in spring when most oviposition takes place, and in autumn when the new generation emerges. It overwinters mainly in the adult stage, and populations decline during summer droughts. The optimum temperature for oviposition is between 20 and 25-degrees-C, and the beetle produces food balls intermittently throughout life. The threshold temperature for development was estimated to be 5.2-degrees-C, and 1612 day-degrees (degrees-C) are required for development from egg to adult. In the laboratory, 100 beetles in a 1-L dung pad are able to reduce bush fly survival by 74%, and reduce the size of the fly puparia by 18%. In spring, when bush flies first build up their populations in the field, numbers of 0. australis did not often reach 100 per pad, thus limiting their usefulness for the biological control of the bush fly.

The impact of fire regimes on populations of an endangered lizard in montane south-eastern Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarsha Gorissen ◽  
Jacqueline Mallinson ◽  
Matthew Greenlees ◽  
Richard Shine
Keyword(s):  
Fire Regimes ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
South Eastern Australia

scholarly journals Applying seed germination studies in fire management for biodiversity conservation in south-eastern Australia

Web Ecology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Auld ◽  
M. K. J. Ooi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Germination Response ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Abstract. We examine the patterns of germination response to fire in the fire-prone flora of the Sydney basin, south-eastern Australia, using examples from several decades of research. The flora shows a strong response to fire-related germination cues. Most species show an interaction between heat and smoke, a number respond only to heat, whilst a few are likely to respond only to smoke. Many recruit in the first 12 months after fire and show no obvious seasonal patterns of recruitment, whilst several species have a strong seasonal germination requirement, even in this essentially aseasonal rainfall region. Key challenges remaining include designing future seed germination studies within the context of informing the germination response surface to smoke and heat interactions, and incorporation of the impact of varying soil moisture on seed germination post-fire, including its affect on resetting of seed dormancy. An understanding of the resilience of species to frequent fire also requires further work, to identify species and functional types most at risk. This work must ideally be integrated within the framework of the management of fire regimes that will change under a changing climate. We suggest that the functional classification of plant types in relation to fire could be enhanced by a consideration of both the type of germination response to fire (type of cues required) and the timing of the response (seasonally driven in response to seed dormancy characteristics, or independent of season). We provide a simplified version of such an addition to functional trait classification in relation to fire.

Crop damage caused by residual acetolactate synthase herbicides in the soils of south-eastern Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hollaway ◽  
R. S. Kookana ◽  
D. M. Noy ◽  
J. G. Smith ◽  
N. Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Grain growers in south-eastern Australia have reported unexpected crop failures with theoretically safe recropping periods for acetolactate synthase herbicides in alkaline soils. This experience has led to the concern that these herbicides may degrade very slowly in alkaline soils, and herbicide residues have at times been blamed for unexplained crop losses. To address this issue, we established 5 recropping trials across Victoria and South Australia with 5 acetolactate synthase herbicides (chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, imazethapyr, and flumetsulam). The herbicides were applied to separate plots in years 1, 2 or 3, and sensitive crop species were sown in year 4 to measure the impact of herbicide residues. We observed that the persistence of the sulfonylureas (chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl) varied between herbicides, but all persisted longer in alkaline soils than in acid soils, and were, therefore, more likely to damage crops in alkaline soil. Imazethapyr persisted longer in clay soils than in sandy soils and was, therefore, more likely to damage crops in clay soils. All herbicides persisted longer when rainfall was below average. Canola was more sensitive to imazethapyr than either pea, lentil or medic, but was less sensitive to the sulfonylureas. In contrast, lentil and medic were the most sensitive to sulfonylureas. Despite some damage, we found that safe recropping periods could be predicted from the product labels in all but one situation. The sole exception was that metsulfuron-methyl reduced dry matter and yield of lentil and medic sown 10 months after application in a soil with pH 8.5. We hypothesise that the real cause of crop failure in many situations is not unusual herbicide persistence, but failure to take full account of soil type (pH and clay content including variation in the paddock) and rainfall when deciding to recrop after using acetolactate synthase herbicides.

scholarly journals Determining the impact of the Holocene highstand at the coastal-fluvial interface, Shoalhaven River, south-eastern Australia

2013 ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie J. Kermode ◽  
Martin R. Gibling ◽  
Brian G. Jones ◽  
Tim J. Cohen ◽  
David M. Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Holocene ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Effects of fire retardant on heathland soils in south-eastern Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hopmans ◽  
N. Collett ◽  
R. Bickford
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
South Eastern Australia

A study was undertaken to assess the effects of fire retardant application, unmodified by heat of fire, on soil properties in 2 fire-prone heathland communities at Marlo and the Grampians in south-eastern Australia. Fire retardant (Phos-Chek D75-R at 0.144 g/L) was applied at rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 L/m2 and compared with control treatments of nil and 1.0 L/m2 of water. Monitoring of surface soils showed that pH at both sites decreased while soil salinity increased immediately after application followed by a rapid decline to pre-treatment values within 12 months. The impact of retardant on total carbon and nitrogen was minor and within the range of natural variation of C and N in surface soils at both sites. Levels of readily available or labile forms of N increased at both sites but declined rapidly to background values after 12 months. Applications of retardant progressively increased extractable P in the surface soil at Marlo, in contrast to the Grampians where a rapid increase was observed after two months followed by a decline after 12 months. These results showed a significant increase in labile P in the surface soil after 12 months and also indicated that a large proportion of the phosphate applied had leached into the subsoil. Likewise, fire retardant applied at the highest rate caused increases in labile sulfate after 2 months at both sites, followed by a rapid decline to background levels. It is expected that the elevated levels of soil phosphate in particular could have a long-term impacts on growth and composition of heathland vegetation known to be sensitive to elevated levels of phosphate in soil.

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