Validation of Heart Rate and Doubly Labelled Water as Measures of Metabolic Rate During Swimming in California Sea Lions

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Boyd ◽  
A. J. Woakes ◽  
P. J. Butler ◽  
R. W. Davis ◽  
T. M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
California Sea Lions ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Sea Lions

scholarly journals Relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption during steady-state swimming in California sea lions

1992 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Butler ◽  
A. J. Woakes ◽  
I. L. Boyd ◽  
S. Kanatous
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Zalophus Californianus ◽  
Grouped Data ◽  
California Sea Lions ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

Heart rate (fH) and rate of oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured in six subadult California sea lions Zalophus californianus while they were at rest and while they were swimming for 15 min at controlled speeds of up to 1.4 m s-1 and pulling loads of up to 3 kg. There was a good linear relationship between fH and VO2 in all six sea lions. The slopes of the individual regression lines varied between 2.66 and 4.36 beats ml-1 O2 kg-1, the intercepts varied between 48.2 and 63.0 beats min-1 and r2 varied between 0.82 and 0.93. The mean relationship for all six sea lions is fH = (57.4 +/− 2.0) + (3.58 +/− 0.23) VO2, r2 = 0.89 +/− 0.01. The mean of the lowest VO2 values was 5.1 +/− 0.4 ml min-1 kg-1 and the mean of the highest VO2 values was 26.9 +/− 1.9 ml min-1 kg-1. The means of the lowest and highest values of fH were less extreme, being 72 +/− 3 beats min-1 and 155 +/− 5 beats min-1, respectively. It is concluded that, by using data storage devices and grouped data, fH could be used in otariids as an indicator of aerobic metabolism under field conditions, in particular for breeding females during the period of lactation.

scholarly journals THE USE OF HEART RATE TO ESTIMATE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF FREE-RANGING BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSSES DIOMEDEA MELANOPHRYS

1994 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M Bevan ◽  
A J Woakes ◽  
P J Butler ◽  
I L Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Heart Rate Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
Free Ranging

Heart rates (fh) and rates of oxygen consumption (V(dot)O2) were measured in eight black-browed albatrosses (Diomedea melanophrys) when walking on a treadmill, with the aim of using fh to predict V(dot)O2 in free-ranging albatrosses. The resulting relationship between the variables was: V(dot)O2 (ml min-1) = [0.0157fh (beats min-1)]1.60, r2=0.80, P<0.001. In addition to the calibration procedure, six of the albatrosses were injected with doubly labelled water (DLW), and fh and V(dot)O2 were monitored continuously over a 3 day period while the birds were held in a respirometer. During the 3 day period, the birds were walked for up to 3­4 h day-1 in bouts lasting approximately 0.5 h. The heart rate data were used to estimate the metabolic rates of these birds using the above regression. Estimates of metabolic rate derived from fh, DLW and respirometry did not differ (ANOVA; P=0.94), primarily because of the variance between individual birds. There was also no significant difference between the different estimates obtained from the different equations used to calculate energy expenditure from the DLW technique (ANOVA; P=0.95). Mean estimates of V(dot)O2 from fh under active and inactive conditions differed from measured values of V(dot)O2 by -5.9 % and -1.7 % respectively. In addition, the estimates of V(dot)O2 from fh at different walking speeds did not differ significantly from the measured values. It appears that, in the black-browed albatross, fh is as good a predictor of the mean metabolic rate of free-ranging birds as DLW or time­energy budgets combined with either respirometry or DLW. However, the method should be applied to as many individuals and as many instances of a particular behaviour as possible. The heart rate technique offers potential for much more detailed analyses of the daily energy budgets of these birds, and over much longer periods, than has previously been possible.

scholarly journals Measuring metabolic rate in the field: the pros and cons of the doubly labelled water and heart rate methods

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Butler ◽  
J. A. Green ◽  
I. L. Boyd ◽  
J. R. Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Pros And Cons

scholarly journals Standard metabolic rate at the surface and during trained submersions in adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (19) ◽  
pp. 3273-3281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenifer A. Hurley ◽  
Daniel P. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Zalophus Californianus ◽  
Metabolic Flexibility ◽  
California Sea Lions ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
Maximum Duration

SUMMARY The metabolic rate (MR) of four adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), two males and two females, was quantified during trained submersion and stationing behavior in laboratory tanks. MR was measured, at rest and for single submersions of increasing duration (1–7 min), by measuring oxygen consumption using open-circuit, indirect calorimetry. Standard MR was measured under conditions defined for basal MR and was found to be 1.9 to 3 times that predicted for terrestrial animals of similar size. Submersion MRs were calculated from the post-submersion oxygen debt and declined to as little as 47 % of standard MR on the longest submersions. This hypometabolic response was proportional to the duration of submersion and was greatest for the maximum duration submersions. Short submersions produced MRs equivalent to measured standard MR. These data suggest that although California sea lions maintain an elevated metabolism under standard conditions, they are capable of reducing their metabolism in response to the needs of diving. Such metabolic flexibility enables sea lions to moderate their oxygen use during diving and to extend their aerobic diving capability.

Some consequences of body size

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (4) ◽  
pp. H495-H507 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Hill Climbing ◽  
Proper Size ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Metabolic Indices

The question of the proper size denominator for metabolic indices is addressed. Metabolic rate among different species is proportional to the 3/4 power of body weight, not surface area. Muscle power also varies with the 3/4 power of weight, suggesting that metabolic rate is determined mainly by muscle power. Power-to-weight ratio, specific metabolic rate, and a number of metabolic periods, including heart rate, all vary inversely with the 1/4 power of body weight. Thus the relative times required for physiological and pathological processes in different species may be estimated from the average resting heart rate for the species. There are not many small humans among athletic record holders in events involving acceleration and hill climbing, as would be expected if they had higher power-to-weight ratios. Thus the relationship between size and metabolic rate in different species should not be applied within the single species of humans. Evidence is reviewed showing that basal metabolic rate in humans is determined mainly by lean body mass.

Respiratory Metabolism During Pregnancy in the Guinea Pig

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Hoar ◽  
William C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Respiratory Metabolism ◽  
Morphological Differences

Oxygen consumption and heart rate during pregnancy were measured in untreated, thyroxin-injected and thyroidectomized guinea pigs given I131. From impregnation until parturition, oxygen consumption increased 7.9% in untreated females. The increase continued until 5 days postpartum when a sharp decrease occurred. The increase is not accounted for by growth of the fetal mass. Comparable increases occurred in thyroxin-injected (16.2%) and thyroidectomized (11.9%) females, although the levels throughout were higher and lower, respectively, than in intact females. Heart rate did not increase. On the contrary, statistically significant decreases occurred in the untreated and thyroxin-injected females. Although the mechanism associated with the increased metabolic rate is not known, the possibility of thyroid participation would seem to be excluded. Involvement of the adrenal cortex is suggested by morphological differences in the cells of the zona fasciculata in pregnant and nonpregnant females and by evidence cited from other studies.

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