The Use of a Pyroelectric Vidicon Infra-Red Camera to Monitor the Body Temperatures of Small Terrestrial Vertebrates

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Jones ◽  
R. A. Avery
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Pyroelectric Vidicon

Some aspects of body temperature regulation in sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. D. Webster ◽  
K. G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Skin Temperatures

SummarySkin temperatures, deep body temperatures and respiratory rates have been measured in Southdown and Merino sheep following feeding, and during infra-red irradiation, rumen infusions of hot and cold water, and cold exposure induced by shearing. The increases in respiratory rate and skin temperatures induced by infra-red heating and the heat increment of feeding were reversed by addition of iced water to the rumen and were suppressed by shearing. These responses could not be systematically related to particular body temperatures in the sheep and appeared to be continuously variable rather than ‘all-or-none’ phenomena. Considerable overlap was observed between respiratory and vasomotor mechanisms of thermoregulation. Measurements of the surface area and weight of ears and legs showed that these regions contribute approximately 23% of the surface area and 8% of the body weight in Merino sheep. Calculations suggested that up to 70% of the additional heat produced in the 2 h after feeding in sheep may be stored in the tissues through increase in mean body temperature. Sheep kept in short wool throughout the winter appeared to establish a new thermoregulatory ‘set-point’ associated with lower rectal temperatures than those in sheep with a full fleece.

Rancang Bangun Pengukur Suhu Tubuh Dengan Multi Sensor Untuk Mencegah Penyebaran Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-549
Author(s):  
Helmy Yudhistira Putra ◽  
Utomo Budiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Heat Measurement ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Door Lock ◽  
Body Heat

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the price of preventive equipment such as masks and hand sanitizers has increased significantly. Likewise, thermometers are experiencing an increase and scarcity, this tool is also sought after by many companies for screening employees and guests before entering the building to detect body temperatures that are suspected of being positive for COVID-19. The use of a thermometer operated by humans is very risky because dealing directly with people who could be ODP (People Under Monitoring/Suscpected ) or even positive for COVID-19, therefore we need tools for automatic body temperature screening and do not involve humans for the examination. This research uses the MLX-90614 body temperature sensor equipped with an ultrasonic support sensor to detect movement and measure the distance between the forehead and the temperature sensor so that the body heat measurement works optimally, and a 16x2 LCD to display the temperature measurement results. If the measured body temperature is more than 37.5 ° C degrees Celsius then the buzzer will turn on and the selenoid door lock will not open and will send a notification to the Telegram messaging application. The final result obtained is the formation of a prototype device for measuring body temperature automatically without the need to involve humans in measuring body temperature to control people who want to enter the building so as to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission

Heat balance precedes stabilization of body temperatures during cold water immersion

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Tikuisis
Keyword(s):  
Heat Balance ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Region Temperature

Certain previous studies suggest, as hypothesized herein, that heat balance (i.e., when heat loss is matched by heat production) is attained before stabilization of body temperatures during cold exposure. This phenomenon is explained through a theoretical analysis of heat distribution in the body applied to an experiment involving cold water immersion. Six healthy and fit men (mean ± SD of age = 37.5 ± 6.5 yr, height = 1.79 ± 0.07 m, mass = 81.8 ± 9.5 kg, body fat = 17.3 ± 4.2%, maximal O2 uptake = 46.9 ± 5.5 l/min) were immersed in water ranging from 16.4 to 24.1°C for up to 10 h. Core temperature (Tco) underwent an insignificant transient rise during the first hour of immersion, then declined steadily for several hours, although no subject's Tco reached 35°C. Despite the continued decrease in Tco, shivering had reached a steady state of ∼2 × resting metabolism. Heat debt peaked at 932 ± 334 kJ after 2 h of immersion, indicating the attainment of heat balance, but unexpectedly proceeded to decline at ∼48 kJ/h, indicating a recovery of mean body temperature. These observations were rationalized by introducing a third compartment of the body, comprising fat, connective tissue, muscle, and bone, between the core (viscera and vessels) and skin. Temperature change in this “mid region” can account for the incongruity between the body's heat debt and the changes in only the core and skin temperatures. The mid region temperature decreased by 3.7 ± 1.1°C at maximal heat debt and increased slowly thereafter. The reversal in heat debt might help explain why shivering drive failed to respond to a continued decrease in Tco, as shivering drive might be modulated by changes in body heat content.

The evolution of the terrestrial vertebrates: environmental and physiological considerations

1985 ◽  
Vol 309 (1138) ◽  
pp. 289-322 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Osmotic Dehydration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Marine Origin ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Terrestrial Life ◽  
Tetrapod Evolution

Physiological evidence has long been used to suggest that the gnathostomous vertebrates (those possessing jaws) were primitively fresh water. The same was also the case for the Osteichthyes (bony fish) and the Tetrapoda (Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia). However, the geological evidence favours a marine origin for the vertebrates as a whole, and, for the gnathostomes and the osteichthyans in particular. Some of the earliest amphibian remains may be associated with tidally influenced sediments. Furthermore, during the early part of the Devonian, fresh water chemistry may well have been different from that of today, lessening the divide between marine and non-marine environments. Urea formation via the ornithine cycle, and urea retention in the body fluids, are useful adaptations for terrestrial life. They prevent excessive water loss associated with the elimination of nitrogenous waste. These abilities may have been primitive for the gnathostomes, and were developed in the marine environment to reduce osmotic dehydration. In the .aqueous medium, gaseous exchange is effected by the gills. These organs are, on the whole, useless in air. For vertebrates, air-breathing is effected by an inflatable sac, with moist linings, and an internal location. Some form of air-breathing sac was primitive for the osteichthyans, and may have been primitive for the gnathostomes. Again, this adaptation for terrestrial life developed in response to conditions experienced in the marine, aquatic environment. A new model of tetrapod evolution is proposed in the light of the basic marine origin and character of the ancestors of the tetrapods.

scholarly journals Effect of nutrition on the body temperature and relative organ weights of broilers

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 4575
Author(s):  
Julyana Machado da Silva Martins ◽  
Evandro De Abreu Fernandes ◽  
João Paulo Rodrigues Bueno ◽  
Carolina Magalhães Caires Carvalho ◽  
Fernanda Heloisa Litz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Average Surface ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different nutritional plans on the body temperature and organ biometrics in male and female broilers, of two ages. Here, 1,700 birds were used (850 males and 850 females) in a completely randomized design composed of five treatments (- 3%, - 1.5%, reference, + 1.5% and + 3%), with 10 repetitions, totaling 50 experimental units; the reference treatment based on nutritional and energy levels indicated in previous studies was calculated from this. At 35 and 42 d, the temperatures of the wing, head, shin, back, and cloaca in males and females were measured separately, and the average surface and body temperature were calculated. At 42 d, relative weights of the gizzard, liver, heart, and small intestine were calculated. The temperatures of the wings, back, and cloaca, and consequently the average surface temperature and body temperatures, were not affected by nutritional plans. Effects of increasing the nutritional and energy levels were observed on liver weights, the gizzard, and the small intestine. We conclude that the nutritional plans did not affect body temperature. Males had higher body temperatures than females. Body temperature increased with increase in age, and the increase in the nutritional plans increased liver weight and reduced the gizzard weights.</p>

On the behaviour of pigeon louse, Columbicola columbae Linn. (Mallophaga)

Parasitology ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 232-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rakshpal
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Normal Behaviour ◽  
Blotting Paper

The reactions of the pigeon louse Columbicola columbae to temperature, smell and contact have been tested in a circular, glass-walled arena divided into two halves. The thermopreferendum has been found to be between 33 and 36° C, and higher temperatures are more strongly avoided than lower ones. The louse prefers cloth that has been in contact with pigeon feathers to clean cloth. Kerosene serves as a repellant. When the louse is offered different surfaces, namely, glazed paper, tin foil, blotting paper, unglazed paper, voile, silk or wool, the woollen surface is preferred most.Three mechanisms of orientation, klinotaxis, klinokinesis and orthokinesis appear to contribute to the normal behaviour of the louse. Under certain conditions negative orthokinesis also affects the behaviour.Comparison of the behaviour of the pigeon louse and human louse has shown that in many respects their behaviour is similar and that their thermopreferendum depends on the body temperatures of their respective hosts.

Studies on Temperature Regulation

1946 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
R. L. KIRK ◽  
LANCELOT HOGBEN
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Thermal Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Frog Rana Temporaria

1. The upper thermal death-point of the slow worm (Anguis fragilis) is significantly above that of either the toad (Bufo bufo) or the frog (Rana temporaria). That of the toad differs only slightly from that of the frog. 2. In response to external variation with respect to temperature and humidity, the body temperature of the toad behaves in a manner similar to that of the frog, being considerably below that of the air at low humidities, though appreciably above that of the wet-bulb thermometer. It is concluded that the toad loses water as freely as the frog. 3. The body temperature of the slow worm and that of the alligator (A. mississippiensis) differs only slightly from that of the air under all conditions of sustained air temperature and humidity. 4. The body temperature reaction of the alligator is more sluggish than that of the slow worm, presumably owing to the higher thermal capacity of the animal. 5. The significance of these results in relation to the evolution of the terrestrial vertebrates is discussed. It is suggested that homoeothermic stocks could arise only from reptiles of relatively small size, and that large body size would militate against survival during periods of low mean external temperature.

scholarly journals Temporal profiles of cortisol accumulation and clearance support scale cortisol content as an indicator of chronic stress in fish

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Laberge ◽  
Irene Yin-Liao ◽  
Nicholas J Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Stress Indicator ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Temporal Profiles

Abstract The development of chronic stress indicators for fish is of great interest, but appropriate non-invasive methods are lagging those used in terrestrial vertebrates. Here, we explore the possibility that levels of the stress hormone cortisol in scales could be used as a chronic stress indicator. Three experiments were conducted to assess the temporal profiles of cortisol rise and fall in plasma and scales of goldfish (Carassius auratus) in response to stressors of varying intensity and duration. Results show that a single acute air emersion stressor does not influence scale cortisol content. In contrast, relative to plasma levels, the fall in scale cortisol content following a high-dose cortisol implant is delayed by at least 8 days, and the rise and fall in scale cortisol content in response to unpredictable chronic stress are delayed by at least 7 days. Also, scale cortisol content is spatially heterogeneous across the body surface of goldfish. Overall, since high and sustained circulating cortisol levels are needed to influence scale cortisol content and the rates of cortisol accumulation and clearance are much slower in scales than in plasma, our results show that scales can provide an integrated measure of cortisol production and serve as a chronic stress indicator.

scholarly journals Seasonal migrations, body temperature fluctuations, and infection dynamics in adult amphibians

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4698 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Daversa ◽  
Camino Monsalve-Carcaño ◽  
Luis M. Carrascal ◽  
Jaime Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Prediction And Prevention

Risks of parasitism vary over time, with infection prevalence often fluctuating with seasonal changes in the annual cycle. Identifying the biological mechanisms underlying seasonality in infection can enable better prediction and prevention of future infection peaks. Obtaining longitudinal data on individual infections and traits across seasons throughout the annual cycle is perhaps the most effective means of achieving this aim, yet few studies have obtained such information for wildlife. Here, we tracked spiny common toads (Bufo spinosus) within and across annual cycles to assess seasonal variation in movement, body temperatures and infection from the fungal parasite, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Across annual cycles, toads did not consistently sustain infections but instead gained and lost infections from year to year. Radio-tracking showed that infected toads lose infections during post-breeding migrations, and no toads contracted infection following migration, which may be one explanation for the inter-annual variability in Bd infections. We also found pronounced seasonal variation in toad body temperatures. Body temperatures approached 0 °C during winter hibernation but remained largely within the thermal tolerance range of Bd. These findings provide direct documentation of migratory recovery (i.e., loss of infection during migration) and escape in a wild population. The body temperature reductions that we observed during hibernation warrant further consideration into the role that this period plays in seasonal Bd dynamics.

Carotid sinus depressor reflexes during hypothermia

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Kendrick ◽  
Kenneth A. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Carotid Sinus ◽  
Baroreceptor Reflex ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Small Reduction ◽  
Local Cooling ◽  
Carotid Sinus Stimulation ◽  
Reflex Arc

Reducing body temperature in dogs to 24 C caused a small reduction in the size of the carotid sinus depressor response. Along with this reduction the response also became more gradual at the lower body temperatures. Systematic studies demonstrated that the more gradual nature of the response appeared to result from changes in the vascular smooth muscle. Depression of the nervous elements of the baroreceptor reflex arc during hypothermia was not evident. The response to carotid sinus stimulation in the warm, perfused hindlimb was essentially unchanged by cooling the body to 24 C. Local cooling of the perfused hindleg did not reduce the size but did result in a more gradual response.

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