Breeding Systems and Genetic Diversity in Acacia auriculiformis and A. crassicarpa

Biotropica ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Moran ◽  
O. Muona ◽  
J. C. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis

scholarly journals Gene Flow in Phaseolus Beans and Its Role as a Plausible Driver of Ecological Fitness and Expansion of Cultigens

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Isabel Chacón-Sánchez ◽  
Jaime Martínez-Castillo ◽  
Jorge Duitama ◽  
Daniel G. Debouck
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Interspecific Gene Flow ◽  
Ecological Fitness ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Evolutionary Force

The genus Phaseolus, native to the Americas, is composed of more than eighty wild species, five of which were domesticated in pre-Columbian times. Since the beginning of domestication events in this genus, ample opportunities for gene flow with wild relatives have existed. The present work reviews the extent of gene flow in the genus Phaseolus in primary and secondary areas of domestication with the aim of illustrating how this evolutionary force may have conditioned ecological fitness and the widespread adoption of cultigens. We focus on the biological bases of gene flow in the genus Phaseolus from a spatial and time perspective, the dynamics of wild-weedy-crop complexes in the common bean and the Lima bean, the two most important domesticated species of the genus, and the usefulness of genomic tools to detect inter and intraspecific introgression events. In this review we discuss the reproductive strategies of several Phaseolus species, the factors that may favor outcrossing rates and evidence suggesting that interspecific gene flow may increase ecological fitness of wild populations. We also show that wild-weedy-crop complexes generate genetic diversity over which farmers are able to select and expand their cultigens outside primary areas of domestication. Ultimately, we argue that more studies are needed on the reproductive biology of the genus Phaseolus since for most species breeding systems are largely unknown. We also argue that there is an urgent need to preserve wild-weedy-crop complexes and characterize the genetic diversity generated by them, in particular the genome-wide effects of introgressions and their value for breeding programs. Recent technological advances in genomics, coupled with agronomic characterizations, may make a large contribution.

scholarly journals Population Genetics of Echium plantagineum L.Target Weed for Biological Control

1986 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Burdon ◽  
AHD Brown
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
Source Populations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Similar Stage ◽  
Isozyme Diversity ◽  
European Populations

Eight Australian and two European populations of E. plantagineum were surveyed for their genetic structure at 16 variable isozyme loci. On average, the Australian and European populations possessed 2�7 and 2�6 alleles per locus, a gene diversity of 34 and 35% and heterozygosity of 32 and 29% respectively. Estimates of the outcrossing rate in one Australian population were 61 and 73% for mean single-locus and multi-locus methods respectively. The levels of genetic diversity detected in this species consistently exceed those detected in a range of other species that occupy a similar stage in succession or that have similar breeding systems. Moreover, contrary to expectation, genetic diversity was equally great in the colonial populations in Australia as in European-source populations. If this high level of isozyme diversity reflects the diversity likely to be found in other parts of the genome, attempts to achieve substantial biological control may require the use of many different control agents.

scholarly journals Population diversity and relatedness in Sugarbirds (Promeropidae:Promeropsspp.)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5000
Author(s):  
Evan S. Haworth ◽  
Michael J. Cunningham ◽  
Kathleen M. Calf Tjorve
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Socially Monogamous ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Polymorphic Microsatellite

Sugarbirds are a family of two socially-monogamous passerine species endemic to southern Africa. Cape and Gurney’s Sugarbird (Promerops caferandP. gurneyi) differ in abundance, dispersion across their range and in the degree of sexual dimorphism in tail length, factors that affect breeding systems and potentially genetic diversity. According to recent data,P. gurneyiare in decline and revision of the species’ IUCN conservation status to a threatened category may be warranted. It is therefore necessary to understand genetic diversity and risk of inbreeding in this species. We used six polymorphic microsatellite markers and one mitochondrial gene (ND2) to compare genetic diversity inP. caferfrom Helderberg Nature Reserve andP. gurneyifrom Golden Gate Highlands National Park, sites at the core of each species distribution. We describe novel universal avian primers which amplify the entire ND2 coding sequence across a broad range of bird orders. We observed high mitochondrial and microsatellite diversity in both sugarbird populations, with no detectable inbreeding and large effective population sizes.

scholarly journals Evolution during seed production for ecological restoration? A molecular analysis of 19 species finds only minor genomic changes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Conrady ◽  
Christian Lampei ◽  
Oliver Bossdorf ◽  
Walter Durka ◽  
Anna Bucharova
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genetic Change ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Wild Plants

A growing number of restoration projects require large amounts of seeds. As harvesting natural populations cannot cover the demand, wild plants are often propagated in large-scale monocultures. There are concerns that this cultivation process may cause genetic drift and unintended selection, which would alter the genetic properties of the cultivated populations and reduce their genetic diversity. Such changes could reduce the pre-existing adaptation of restored populations, and limit their adaptability to environmental change. We used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and a pool-sequencing approach to test for genetic differentiation and changes in gene diversity during cultivation in 19 wild grassland species, comparing the source populations and up to four consecutive cultivation generations grown from these sources. We then linked the magnitudes of genetic changes to the species breeding systems and seed dormancy, to understand the roles of these traits in genetic change. The propagation of native seeds for ecosystem restoration changed the genetic composition of the cultivated generations only moderately. The genetic differentiation we observed as a consequence of cultivation was much lower than the natural genetic differentiation between different source regions, and the propagated generations harbored even higher gene diversity than wild-collected seeds. Genetic change was stronger in self-compatible species, probably as a result of increased outcrossing in the monocultures. Synthesis and applications: Our study indicates that large-scale seed production maintains the genetic integrity of natural populations. Increased genetic diversity may even increase the adaptive potential of propagated seeds, which makes them especially suitable for ecological restoration. However, we have been working with seeds from Germany and Austria, where the seed production is regulated and certified. Whether other seed production systems perform equally well remains to be tested.

Breeding systems and genetic diversity in tropical carpenter ant colonies: different strategies for similar outcomes in Brazilian Cerrado savanna

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 1020-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Azevedo-Silva ◽  
Gustavo M Mori ◽  
Carolina S Carvalho ◽  
Marina C Côrtes ◽  
Anete P Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Mating Frequency ◽  
Ant Colonies ◽  
Eusocial Insects ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Carpenter Ant ◽  
Cerrado Savanna ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Eusocial insects tend to present low genetic diversity (GD) within colonies, which can increase with the co-occurrence of multiple queens (polygyny) or with multiple mating by a single queen (polyandry). Therefore, it is important to elucidate how these strategies influence GD, which in turn mediate population ecology and how organisms respond to their environment. We studied two carpenter ant species from the Brazilian savanna, Camponotus renggeri and C. rufipes. Using microsatellites, we evaluated the number of breeders, the genetic relatedness and the contribution of polygyny and polyandry to GD within colonies. Both species exhibited facultative polygyny. In C. renggeri, low related queens formed colonies jointly and present low mating frequency. In this species, colony GD increased with the number of queens. Contrastingly, closely related queens of C. rufipes formed polygynous colonies, exhibiting high mating frequency. In C. rufipes, both queens and males contributed to colony GD. Despite the differences, the two species have similar GD at the colony scale. Under low mating frequency, our data support that polygyny has evolutionary importance for increasing GD in ant colonies, a mechanism mainly conferred to polyandry. Although the impact of GD in variable ecological and adaptive contexts remains uncertain, this study highlights how distinct reproductive strategies may generate similar patterns of GD in ants.

Elucidation of genetic diversity base in Calotropis procera – a potentially emerging new fibre resource

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aasim Majeed ◽  
Bhawana Goel ◽  
Vandana Mishra ◽  
Ravinder Kohli ◽  
Pankaj Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Breeding Programmes

AbstractCalotropis procera is emerging as a new, yet undomesticated, resource of fibre comparable to cotton and kapok. Screening of efficient genotypes from its wild populations would be a useful pre-domestication process. The desired genotypes can then be improved through conventional breeding programmes to develop a domesticated variety. Molecular markers play a major role in modern breeding systems. Thus, an efficient marker resource for C. procera would prove useful in germplasm selection during breeding programmes. In this study, we undertook an initial step of Simple sequence repeats (SSR) marker development for C. procera, which could be applied for germplasm selection. Furthermore, using the developed markers, we assessed the genetic diversity base within its wild populations which could be useful to identify the hotspot areas of germplasm collection. Out of 94,636 de novo assembled transcripts, 9148 sequences were found to contain 12,884 SSRs at a density of 5.5 SSRs/Mb. Twelve SSRs were found as polymorphic with a mean polymorphic information content of 0.575. We observed a moderate level of genetic diversity (Na = 3.625, Ho = 0.58) in the studied populations. Mantel's test showed significant correlation between the geographic distance and the genetic distance (r = 0.147, P = 0.010). Sirsa was found as a genetically most diverse population followed by Barnala while Gurdaspur was found with the least genetic diversity. These genetically diverse populations can serve as an important resource for effective germplasm collection for breeding programmes.

scholarly journals POPULATION STRUCTURE AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE PEE DEE COTTON BREEDING PROGRAM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant T Billings ◽  
Michael A Jones ◽  
Sachin Rustgi ◽  
Amanda M Hulse-Kemp ◽  
B Todd Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Upland Cotton ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Pairwise Distance ◽  
Population Structure Analysis ◽  
Pee Dee ◽  
Breeding Cycles

Abstract Accelerated marker-assisted selection and genomic selection breeding systems require genotyping data to select the best parents for combining beneficial traits. Since 1935, the Pee Dee cotton germplasm enhancement program has developed an important genetic resource for upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), contributing alleles for improved fiber quality, agronomic performance, and genetic diversity. To date, a detailed genetic survey of the program’s eight historical breeding cycles has yet to be undertaken. The objectives of this study were to evaluate genetic diversity across and within breeding groups, examine population structure, and contextualize these findings relative to the global upland cotton gene pool. The CottonSNP63K array was used to identify 17,441 polymorphic markers in a panel of 114 diverse Pee Dee genotypes. A subset of 4,597 markers was selected to decrease marker density bias. Identity by state (IBS) pairwise distance varied substantially, ranging from 0.55 to 0.97. Pedigree-based estimates of relatedness were not very predictive of observed genetic similarities. Few rare alleles were present, with 99.1% of SNP alleles appearing within the first four breeding cycles. Population structure analysis with principal component analysis, discriminant analysis of principal components, fastSTRUCTURE, and a phylogenetic approach revealed an admixed population with moderate substructure. A small core collection (n < 20) captured 99% of the program’s allelic diversity. Allele frequency analysis indicated potential selection signatures associated with stress resistance and fiber cell growth. The results of this study will steer future utilization of the program’s germplasm resources and aid in combining program-specific beneficial alleles and maintaining genetic diversity.

scholarly journals Floral structure and genetical differences of sandalwood variants in Gunung Sewu (Java, Indonesia), and its effects on breeding systems and reproductive ability

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-404
Author(s):  
YENI W.N. RATNANINGRUM ◽  
AFFAN KURNIAWAN
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Floral Structure ◽  
Isoenzyme Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
Small Flower

Ratnaningrum YWN, Kurniawan A. 2019. Floral structure and genetical differences of sandalwood variants in Gunung Sewu (Java, Indonesia), and its effects on breeding systems and reproductive ability. Biodiversitas 20: 393-404. Our preliminary studies reported that the failure on rehabilitation program of sandalwood, an endangered endemic species in Indonesia, was caused by low viability and survival due to reproductive failure. New sandalwood landraces in Gunung Sewu Geopark, Java island consist of three variants (YBF, refers to "yellow big flower"; RBF, "red big flower"; and RSF, "red small flower") differed by floral structures. This study was made on three sandalwood variants grew in four landraces representing landscape zones in Gunung Sewu, from April to September 2017 flowering season. This advanced study was aimed to estimate the differences in floral structures and genetic diversity among variants, and their effects on breeding systems and reproductive ability. Floral organ measurements were made on each variant. Isoenzyme analysis was conducted to estimate the genetic diversity of each variant and in each site. Mating systems were estimated by Index of Incompatibility (ISI) and Cruden's Out Crossing Index (OCI) methods. Reproductive ability was measured by counting Pollination Effectiveness, Reproductive Success and seed viability. Results found that six loci were polymorphic in most of sites and variants, with exception for Petir and Bejiharjo sites and YBF variant. Observed heterozygosity varied with sites but was similar among variants. Some of diversity existed among both sites and variants. The OCI value scored more than 3 for all variants, indicating an outbreeding mating system. RSF showed higher OCI value compared to both RBF and YBF. Bleberan and Nglanggeran, the outcrossed and completely self-incompatible populations (ISI = 0), failed to produce selfed seeds. In such highly outcrossing, self-incompatible populations, the highest seed set was gained from intraspecific-crossed pollination. Contrastly, the inbreeding and self-compatible populations (ISI = 3 to ∞), Petir and Bejiharjo, tended to alter its matting system to be more inbreeding. Reproductive ability differed by sites but was similar among variants.

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