An Approximation for the Distribution of the Wilcoxon One-Sample Statistic

1975 ◽  
Vol 70 (351) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Winston K. Chow ◽  
J. L. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Sample Statistic

Effective Optimization of Statistical Decisions for Age Replacement Problems under Parametric Uncertainty

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
N. A. Nechval ◽  
K. N. Nechval
Keyword(s):  
Original Problem ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Parametric Uncertainty ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Sample Statistic ◽  
Invariant Embedding ◽  
Replacement Model ◽  
Statistical Decisions ◽  
Age Replacement

In this chapter, an innovative model for age replacement is proposed. The costs included in the age replacement model are not assumed to be constants. For effective optimization of statistical decisions for age replacement problems under parametric uncertainty, based on a past random sample of lifetimes, the pivotal quantity averaging (PQA) approach is suggested. The PQA approach represents a simple and computationally attractive statistical technique. In this case, the transition from the original problem to the equivalent transformed problem (in terms of pivotal quantities and ancillary factors) is carried out via invariant embedding a sample statistic in the original problem. The approach allows one to eliminate unknown parameters from the problem and to find the better decision rules, which have smaller risk than any of the well-known decision rules. Unlike the Bayesian approach, the proposed approach is independent of the choice of priors. For illustration, numerical examples are given.

scholarly journals Statistical Inference by Confidence Intervals: Issues of Interpretation and Utilization

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Sim ◽  
Norma Reid
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Sample Statistic ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract This article examines the role of the confidence interval (CI) in statistical inference and its advantages over conventional hypothesis testing, particularly when data are applied in the context of clinical practice. A CI provides a range of population values with which a sample statistic is consistent at a given level of confidence (usually 95%). Conventional hypothesis testing serves to either reject or retain a null hypothesis. A CI, while also functioning as a hypothesis test, provides additional information on the variability of an observed sample statistic (ie, its precision) and on its probable relationship to the value of this statistic in the population from which the sample was drawn (ie, its accuracy). Thus, the CI focuses attention on the magnitude and the probability of a treatment or other effect. It thereby assists in determining the clinical usefulness and importance of, as well as the statistical significance of, findings. The CI is appropriate for both parametric and nonparametric analyses and for both individual studies and aggregated data in meta-analyses. It is recommended that, when inferential statistical analysis is performed, CIs should accompany point estimates and conventional hypothesis tests wherever possible.

Effect Size Standard Errors for the Non-Normal Non-Identically Distributed Case

1986 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoben Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Minimal Sample ◽  
Sample Statistic ◽  
Size Standard ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
And Control

Suppose there are k independent studies and for each study the experimental and control groups have been sampled from independent but essentially arbitrary populations. The problem is to construct a plausible standard error of the effect size mean (effect sizes are standardized experimental-control group mean differences) when given only minimal sample statistic information. Standard errors based on the sample standard error, or bootstrap, will typically be much too large and have very large variance. A normal theory estimator may prove practically useful in more general settings. Asymptotic distribution-free estimators are provided for two cases.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN POHON ANGKA TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENGENAL KONSEP BILANGAN PADA ANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN DI TKK SATAP St. THERESIA WOLOMELI KABUPATEN NGADA

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Rosalina Rawa ◽  
Marsianus Meka ◽  
Virginia Nai
Keyword(s):  
T Test ◽  
Sample Statistic ◽  
The One

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh hasil media pembelajaran pohon angka terhadap kemampuan mengenal konsep bilangan sebelum ada perlakuan dan sesudah ada perlakuan pada TKK Satap St. Theresia Wolomeli. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian “Pre-Experimental jenis The One Group Pretest-Posttest Design”. Populasi dalam penelitian adalah anak TKK Satap St. Theresia Wolomeli berjumlah 22 anak dengan jumlah pria 7 dan wanita 15. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan program SPSS 16.00 from windows pada kolom y nilai t-test 25.084 > 1,98 (dengan db n1 – 1) (22-1=21, taraf sig. 5%), dan nilai signifikansi = 0.000 < 0,05 maka keputusan H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima. Dari rata-rata hasil media pembelajaran pohon angka pada tabel One-Sample Statistic variabel y lebih besar dari variabel X (14.86 > 8.000). Berdasarkan hasil analisis data tersebut dinyatakan ada pengaruh media pembelajaran pohon angka terhadap kemampuan mengenal konsep bilangan pada anak usia 5-6 tahun.

scholarly journals Lattice Paths Between Diagonal Boundaries

10.37236/1368 ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Niederhausen
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Reflection Principle ◽  
Exact Distribution ◽  
Lattice Paths ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
North East ◽  
Diagonal Band ◽  
Sample Statistic ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Positive Integers

A bivariate symmetric backwards recursion is of the form $d[m,n]=w_{0}(d[m-1,n]+d[m,n-1])+\omega_{1}(d[m-r_{1},n-s_{1}]+d[m-s_{1},n-r_{1}])+\dots+\omega_{k}(d[m-r_{k},n-s_{k}]+d[m-s_{k},n-r_{k}])$ where $\omega_{0},\dots\omega_{k}$ are weights, $r_{1},\dots r_{k}$ and $s_{1},\dots s_{k}$ are positive integers. We prove three theorems about solving symmetric backwards recursions restricted to the diagonal band $x+u < y < x-l$. With a solution we mean a formula that expresses $d[m,n]$ as a sum of differences of recursions without the band restriction. Depending on the application, the boundary conditions can take different forms. The three theorems solve the following cases: $d[x+u,x]=0$ for all $x\geq0$, and $d[x-l,x]=0$ for all $x\geq l$ (applies to the exact distribution of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample statistic), $d[x+u,x]=0$ for all $x\geq0$, and $d[x-l+1,x]=d[x-l+1,x-1]$ for $x\geq l$ (ordinary lattice paths with weighted left turns), and $d[y,y-u+1]=d[y-1,y-u+1]$ for all $y\geq u$ and $d[x-l+1,x]=d[x-l+1,x-1]$ for $x\geq l$. The first theorem is a general form of what is commonly known as repeated application of the Reflection Principle. The second and third theorem are new; we apply them to lattice paths which in addition to the usual North and East steps also make two hook moves, East-North-North and North-East-East. Hook moves differ from knight moves (covered by the first theorem) by being blocked by any piece of the barrier they encounter along their three part move.

The impacts of hydraulic clamming in shallow water and the importance of incorporating anthropogenic disturbances into habitat assessments

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Bryan Legare ◽  
Agnes Mittermayr ◽  
Mark Borrelli
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Type ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbances ◽  
Benthic Invertebrate ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Benthic Habitat ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Type D ◽  
Sample Statistic ◽  
Post Impact

Hydraulic dredging for shellfish is known to create some of the highest levels of disturbance, affecting the benthic microfaunal community and the physical characteristics of the substrate. Properly conducted benthic habitat assessments are complex and time consuming, resulting in assessments not being conducted increasing the uncertainty in post impact studies. Hydraulic dredging for Atlantic surfclams (Spisula soldidissima) took place at Herring Cove, Massachusetts in the winter of 2014–2015 resulting in areas of high impact disturbance of the seafloor. Surveys conducted in the summer of 2015 included hydroacoustics, benthic invertebrate sampling, video, and grain size analysis for the creation of a habitat map of Herring Cove. The four habitats (A–D) identified were a mix of sand, shell, cobble, algae, and eelgrass. Habitat type “D” is a mix of sand, algae and cobble material and occurred at 12 of 18 stations. These 12 stations were distributed across areas of “high” (n = 4), “low” (n = 2), and “no” (n = 6) hydraulic dredge disturbance. Once habitat was accounted for, benthic invertebrate community structure varied significantly (Analysis of similarity; significance level of sample statistic: 0.3%) between areas of “high”, “low” to “no” disturbance. Areas of “low” to “no” dredge track coverage contained high abundances of bivalves, echinoderms, and isopods, whereas highly disturbed areas had highest abundances of polychaetes and oligochaetes. Future mapping efforts, especially surveys with biological components, need to include and quantify the level, type and spatial distribution of anthropogenic alterations. More attention should be given to “reference maps” instead of “baseline maps”. The latter of which omits to acknowledge pre-existing anthropogenic disturbances and has the potential to skew monitoring of restoration and management efforts.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Reliability of Hamular Notch-Incisive Papilla Plane (HIP) in Establishing Occlusal Plane

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-47
Author(s):  
Dipak Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Guideline ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Occlusal Plane ◽  
Incisal Edge ◽  
Vertical Distance ◽  
Sample Statistic ◽  
Evaluation Of Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Related Sample

Introduction: There are various recommendations, using both soft tissue and hard tissue landmarks, for the determination ofocclusal plane in dentistry. However, their reliability and accuracy has always been questioned. Hamular notch-Incisive papillaPlane (HIP) is one of such landmarks which is stated to be parallel to occlusal plane; however its reliability needs to be evaluated.Objective: To find the relationship between hamular notch-incisive papilla plane and occlusal plane in dentulous subjects.Materials & Method: 48 dentate subjects with normal Class I occlusion participated in the study. Their maxillary impressionswere made and casts were poured. Each cast was then mounted in the surveyor and HIP plane made parallel to the floorby tripoding method. With the cast in this relation, the vertical distance between HIP and various reference points of occlusalplanes were measured using digital Vernier Caliper. Wilcoxon test was used to find the statistical difference (p<0.05).Result: During evaluation of data, none of the cast showed absolute parallelism between occlusal plane and HIP plane. Themean vertical distance between HIP and incisal edge (INC) was 6.44 mm, whereas between HIP-6RMP and HIP-6LMP were6.41 mm and 6.12 mm respectively. About 81% cases showed parallelism within the range of 2 mm. 2-related sample statistic testshowed no statistically difference (p<0.05) between HIP-INC and HIP-6RMP; and HIP-INC and HIP-6LMP.Conclusion: HIP plane tends to be parallel to occlusal plane and can be used as a clinical guideline in the determination ofinclination of the occlusal plane.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v4i1.11311   Orthodontic Journal of Nepal Vol.4(1) 2014; 45-47 

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