The thickness lemma from P− + IΣ1 + ¬BΣ2

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-511
Author(s):  
Yue Yang
Keyword(s):  
General Theorem ◽  
Recursion Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Splitting Theorem ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Turing Reducibility ◽  
Induction Scheme

Let P− denote the Peano axioms minus the induction scheme. Let IΣn, (I∏n), BΣn (B∏n), LΣn (L∏n denote the induction scheme, the collection scheme, and the least number principle for Σn-(∏n-) formulas respectively. Paris and Kirby [3] studied the relative proof-theoretic strengths of those schemes. The general theorem states that IΣn, I∏n, LΣn, and L∏n are equivalent; IΣn implies BΣn implies IΣn–1; but not conversely.In recent years, people have been interested in doing recursion theory on fragments of arithmetic. One of the purposes of this study is to understand the priority methods. Much work has been done in this area. For example, M. Mytilinaios [5] showed that the Sacks splitting theorem can be proven in P− + IΣ1. Later, J. Mourad showed that the Sacks splitting theorem is indeed equivalent to IΣ1 [4]. M. Groszek and M. Mytilinaios [1] showed that P− + IΣ2 is sufficient to prove the existence of a high incomplete r.e. set. On the other hand, M. Mytilinaios and T. Slaman [6] showed that P− + IΣ1 is too weak to prove the existence of such a set. A natural question to ask is if the existence of such a set implies IΣ2. In this paper, we will show the answer is negative by constructing a model of P− + IΣ1 + ¬BΣ2 which has a high incomplete r.e. set. Notice that, as shown by M. Groszek and T. Slaman in [2], P− + IΣ1 is too weak to show the transitivity of weak Turing reducibility on Σ2-sets.

4. Notice of a Simple Method of Approximating to the Roots of any Algebraic Equation

1866 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 162-165
Author(s):  
Edward Sang
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Equation ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Continued Fractions ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
General Theorem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Periodic Chain

M. Lagrange, on applying the method of continued fractions to the resolution of numerical equations, discovered that, for those of the second degree, the quotients recur periodically. From this, combined with the previously well known fact that all periodic chain fractions belong to quadratics, he inferred that periodicity is exclusively confined to equations of this order.In January 1858, I showed to the Royal Society that the series of approximating fractions obtained by M. Lagrange can be continued in the opposite direction, and that the convergence then is to the other root; and enunciated the general theorem, that if any two fractions be assumed, and if a progression be formed from them by combining fixed multiples of their members, this progression, which I called duserr or two-headed, may be continued in either way, and gives on the one hand the one, on the other hand the other root of a quadratic.

scholarly journals A Framework for Adversarially Robust Streaming Algorithms

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Omri Ben-Eliezer ◽  
Rajesh Jayaram ◽  
David P. Woodruff ◽  
Eylon Yogev
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Algorithms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Streaming Algorithms ◽  
Performance Guarantees ◽  
Deterministic Algorithms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Classical Space

We investigate the adversarial robustness of streaming algorithms. In this context, an algorithm is considered robust if its performance guarantees hold even if the stream is chosen adaptively by an adversary that observes the outputs of the algorithm along the stream and can react in an online manner. While deterministic streaming algorithms are inherently robust, many central problems in the streaming literature do not admit sublinear-space deterministic algorithms; on the other hand, classical space-efficient randomized algorithms for these problems are generally not adversarially robust. This raises the natural question of whether there exist efficient adversarially robust (randomized) streaming algorithms for these problems.

scholarly journals On Fourier series and functions of bounded variation

1913 ◽  
Vol 88 (606) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Series ◽  
Bounded Variation ◽  
General Theorem ◽  
General Term ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functions Of Bounded Variation ◽  
Trivial Case ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Derived Series

1. In a previous communication to the Society I have pointed out that the succession of constants obtained by multiplying together two successions of Fourier constants in the manner which naturally suggests itself is a succession of Fourier constants, and I have discussed the summability of the function with new constants are associated. We may express the matter in another way by saying that I have shown that the use of the Fourier constants of an even function g(x) as convergence factors in the Fourier series of a function f(x) changes the latter series into a series which is associated with the new series is increased. The use of the Fourier constants of an odd function as convergence factors, on the other hand, has the effect of changing the allied series of the Fourier series of f (x) into a Fourier series, even when the allied series is not itself a Fourier series. It at once suggests itself that the former of the two statements in this form of the result is not the most that can be said. Indeed, the series, whose general term is cos nx , and whose coefficients are accordingly unity, may clearly take the place of the Fourier series of g(x) , although it is not a Fourier series. On the other hand, it is the derived series of the Fourier serious of a function of bounded variation, which is, moreover, odd. We are thus led to ask ourselves whether this is not the trivial case of a general theorem. In the present communication I propose to show, among other things, that the answer to this questions is in affirmative. The following theorems are, in fact, true:—

A splitting theorem for simple Π11 Sets

1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Owings
Keyword(s):  
Analogous Result ◽  
Recursion Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Splitting Theorem ◽  
One To One ◽  
Priority Argument ◽  
Recursive Set

As was first mentioned in [3, §5], if A is any – set, A is the union of two disjoint – sets B(0), B(1). In metarecursion theory this is proven as follows. Let ƒ be a one-to-one metarecursive function whose range is A, let R be an unbounded metarecursive set whose complement is also unbounded, and set B(0) = f(R), B(1) = f(). The corresponding fact of ordinary recursion theory, namely that any r.e. but not recursive set can be split into two other such sets, was proved by Friedberg [2, Theorem 1], using a clever priority argument. Sacks [7, Corollary 2] then showed that any r.e. but not recursive set is the union of two disjoint r.e. sets neither of which was recursive in the other, a much stronger result. In this paper we attempt to prove the analogous result for – sets A, but succeed only in the case A is simple; i.e., the complement of A contains no infinite subset. As a corollary we show the metadegrees are dense, a fact already announced by Sacks [8, Corollary 1], but only proven by him for nonzero metadegrees.

The groupoid interpretation of type theory

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hofmann ◽  
Thomas Streicher
Keyword(s):  
Type Theory ◽  
Type A ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Object Language ◽  
Type Checking ◽  
Canonical Element ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Logical Formalism ◽  
Replacement Rule

Many will agree that identity sets are the most intriguing concept of intensional Martin-Löf type theory. For instance, it may appear surprising that their axiomatisation as an inductive family allows one to deduce the usual properties of equality, notably the replacement rule (Leibniz’s principle) which gives P(a′) from P(a) and a proof that a equals a′. This holds for arbitrary families of sets P, not only those corresponding to a predicate. This is not in conflict with decidability of type checking since if a equals a′ and p : P(a) then one does not in general have p : P(a′), but only subst(s, p) : P(a′) where s is the proof that a equals a′ and subst is defined from the eliminator for identity sets. It is a natural question to ask whether these translation functions subst(s, _) actually depend upon the nature of the proof s or, more generally, the question whether any two elements of an identity set are equal. We will call UIP(A) (t/niqueness of Identity Proofs) the following property. If a1, a2 are objects of type A then for any two proofs p and q of the proposition “a1 equals a2” we can prove that p and q are equal. More generally, UIP will stand for UIP(A) for all types A. Note that in traditional logical formalism a principle like UIP cannot even be expressed sensibly as proofs cannot be referred to by terms of the object language and thus are not within the scope of prepositional equality. The question of whether UIP is valid in intensional Martin-Löf type theory was open for a while, though it was commonly believed that UIP is underivable as any attempt for constructing a proof has failed (Coquand 1992; Streicher 1993; Altenkirch 1992). On the other hand, the intuition that a type is determined by its canonical objects might be seen as evidence for the validity of UIP as the identity sets have at most one canonical element corresponding to an instance of reflexivity.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Life Beyond 1MeV

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
K.H. Westmacott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The U.S

Life beyond 1MeV – like life after 40 – is not too different unless one takes advantage of past experience and is receptive to new opportunities. At first glance, the returns on performing electron microscopy at voltages greater than 1MeV diminish rather rapidly as the curves which describe the well-known advantages of HVEM often tend towards saturation. However, in a country with a significant HVEM capability, a good case can be made for investing in instruments with a range of maximum accelerating voltages. In this regard, the 1.5MeV KRATOS HVEM being installed in Berkeley will complement the other 650KeV, 1MeV, and 1.2MeV instruments currently operating in the U.S. One other consideration suggests that 1.5MeV is an optimum voltage machine – Its additional advantages may be purchased for not much more than a 1MeV instrument. On the other hand, the 3MeV HVEM's which seem to be operated at 2MeV maximum, are much more expensive.

Can the Academic Self-Concept be Positive and Realistic?

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reimer Kornmann
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Other Hand

Summary: My comment is basically restricted to the situation in which less-able students find themselves and refers only to literature in German. From this point of view I am basically able to confirm Marsh's results. It must, however, be said that with less-able pupils the opposite effect can be found: Levels of self-esteem in these pupils are raised, at least temporarily, by separate instruction, academic performance however drops; combined instruction, on the other hand, leads to improved academic performance, while levels of self-esteem drop. Apparently, the positive self-image of less-able pupils who receive separate instruction does not bring about the potential enhancement of academic performance one might expect from high-ability pupils receiving separate instruction. To resolve the dilemma, it is proposed that individual progress in learning be accentuated, and that comparisons with others be dispensed with. This fosters a self-image that can in equal measure be realistic and optimistic.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

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