Cardinality logics. Part II: Definability in languages based on ‘exactly’

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Hodes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Number ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Semantic Role ◽  
Singular Terms ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ordinary Usage ◽  
Quantifier Phrases

This paper continues the project initiated in [5]: a model-theoretic study of the concept of cardinality within certain higher-order logics. As recommended by an editor of this Journal, I will digress to say something about the project's motivation. Then I will review some of the basic definitions from [5]; for unexplained notation the reader should consult [5].The syntax of ordinary usage (with respect to the construction of arguments as well as the construction of individual sentences) makes it natural to classify numerals and expressions of the form ‘the number of F's’ as singular terms, expressions like ‘is prime’ or ‘is divisible by’ as predicates of what Frege called “level one”, and expressions like ‘for some natural number’ as first-order quantifier-phrases. From this syntatic classification, it is a short step—so short as to be frequently unnoticed—to a semantic thesis: that such expressions play the same sort of semantic role as is played by the paradigmatic (and nonmathematical) members of these lexical classes. Thus expressions of the first sort are supposed to designate objects (in post-Fregean terms, entities of type 0), those of the second sort to be true or false of tuples of objects, and those of the third sort to quantify over objects. All this may be summed up in Frege's dictum: “Numbers are objects.”

scholarly journals 02. Social Pathologies, Reflexive Pathologies, and the Idea of Higher-Order Disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arto Laitinen
Keyword(s):  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Criticism ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Third Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Order Reflection

This paper critically examines Christopher Zurn’s suggestion mentioned above that various social pathologies (pathologies of ideological recognition, maldistribution, invisibilization, rationality distortions, reification and institutionally forced self-realization) share the structure of being ‘second-order disorders’: that is, that they each entail ‘constitutive disconnects between first-order contents and secondorder reflexive comprehension of those contents, where those disconnects are pervasive and socially caused’ (Zurn, 2011, 345-346). The paper argues that the cases even as discussed by Zurn do not actually match that characterization, but that it would be premature to conclude that they are not thereby social pathologies, or that they do not have a structure in common. It is just that the structure is more complex than originally described, covering pervasive socially caused evils (i) in the social reality, (ii) in the first order experiences and understandings, (iii) in the second order reflection as discussed by Zurn, and also (iv) in the ‘third order’ phenomenon concerning the pre-emptive silencing or nullification of social criticism even before it takes place 

Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Povinelli ◽  
Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽  
Shannon L. Kuznar ◽  
Mateja Pavlic
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Reasoning ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
First Order ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

Challenging the Multidimensional Conception of Perceived Person-Environment Fit

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Julian M. Etzel ◽  
Gabriel Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Substantial Proportion ◽  
Unique Variance ◽  
First Order ◽  
Person Environment Fit ◽  
Order Factor

Abstract. In the current study, we examined the viability of a multidimensional conception of perceived person-environment (P-E) fit in higher education. We introduce an optimized 12-item measure that distinguishes between four content dimensions of perceived P-E fit: interest-contents (I-C) fit, needs-supplies (N-S) fit, demands-abilities (D-A) fit, and values-culture (V-C) fit. The central aim of our study was to examine whether the relationships between different P-E fit dimensions and educational outcomes can be accounted for by a higher-order factor that captures the shared features of the four fit dimensions. Relying on a large sample of university students in Germany, we found that students distinguish between the proposed fit dimensions. The respective first-order factors shared a substantial proportion of variance and conformed to a higher-order factor model. Using a newly developed factor extension procedure, we found that the relationships between the first-order factors and most outcomes were not fully accounted for by the higher-order factor. Rather, with the exception of V-C fit, all specific P-E fit factors that represent the first-order factors’ unique variance showed reliable and theoretically plausible relationships with different outcomes. These findings support the viability of a multidimensional conceptualization of P-E fit and the validity of our adapted instrument.

Computational Models for Multilayered Composite Shells with Application to Tires

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Kulikov
Keyword(s):  
Type Theory ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Geometrical Nonlinearity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Fields ◽  
First Order ◽  
Timoshenko Type ◽  
Joint Influence ◽  
Discrete Layer

Abstract This paper focuses on four tire computational models based on two-dimensional shear deformation theories, namely, the first-order Timoshenko-type theory, the higher-order Timoshenko-type theory, the first-order discrete-layer theory, and the higher-order discrete-layer theory. The joint influence of anisotropy, geometrical nonlinearity, and laminated material response on the tire stress-strain fields is examined. The comparative analysis of stresses and strains of the cord-rubber tire on the basis of these four shell computational models is given. Results show that neglecting the effect of anisotropy leads to an incorrect description of the stress-strain fields even in bias-ply tires.

Nappes d'huile: prediction de leurs deplacements comme agent efficace d'un plan de mesure d'urgence

1979 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-109
Author(s):  
B. Coupal ◽  
M. de Broissia
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Markov Chain ◽  
Finite Elements ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Stochastic Method ◽  
Stochastic Methods ◽  
Deterministic Approach ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Comme Agent

Abstract The movement of oil slicks on open waters has been predicted, using both deterministic and stochastic methods. The first method, named slick rose, consists in locating an area specifying the position of the slick during the first hours after the spill. The second method combines a deterministic approach for the simulation of current parameters to a stochastic method simulating the wind parameters. A Markov chain of the first order followed by a Monte Carlo approach enables the simulation of both phenomena. The third method presented in this paper describes a mass balance on the spilt oil, solved by the method of finite elements. The three methods are complementary to each other and constitute an important point for a contingency plan.

scholarly journals The Proposition Bank: An Annotated Corpus of Semantic Roles

2005 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Palmer ◽  
Daniel Gildea ◽  
Paul Kingsbury
Keyword(s):  
Automatic System ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
Semantic Role ◽  
Syntactic Parsing ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Annotation Process ◽  
Types Of Information

The Proposition Bank project takes a practical approach to semantic representation, adding a layer of predicate-argument information, or semantic role labels, to the syntactic structures of the Penn Treebank. The resulting resource can be thought of as shallow, in that it does not represent coreference, quantification, and many other higher-order phenomena, but also broad, in that it covers every instance of every verb in the corpus and allows representative statistics to be calculated. We discuss the criteria used to define the sets of semantic roles used in the annotation process and to analyze the frequency of syntactic/semantic alternations in the corpus. We describe an automatic system for semantic role tagging trained on the corpus and discuss the effect on its performance of various types of information, including a comparison of full syntactic parsing with a flat representation and the contribution of the empty “trace” categories of the treebank.

scholarly journals Simpson type inequalities and applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Uzair Awan ◽  
Muhammad Zakria Javed ◽  
Michael Th. Rassias ◽  
Muhammad Aslam Noor ◽  
Khalida Inayat Noor
Keyword(s):  
Quadrature Formula ◽  
Convex Functions ◽  
Integral Identity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Auxiliary Result ◽  
First Order ◽  
New Class ◽  
Differentiable Functions

AbstractA new generalized integral identity involving first order differentiable functions is obtained. Using this identity as an auxiliary result, we then obtain some new refinements of Simpson type inequalities using a new class called as strongly (s, m)-convex functions of higher order of $$\sigma >0$$ σ > 0 . We also discuss some interesting applications of the obtained results in the theory of means. In last we present applications of the obtained results in obtaining Simpson-like quadrature formula.

scholarly journals Reputations for Resolve and Higher-Order Beliefs in Crisis Bargaining

2021 ◽  
pp. 002200272199554
Author(s):  
Allan Dafoe ◽  
Remco Zwetsloot ◽  
Matthew Cebul
Keyword(s):  
Belief Change ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Crisis Bargaining ◽  
First Order ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Higher Order Effects

Reputations for resolve are said to be one of the few things worth fighting for, yet they remain inadequately understood. Discussions of reputation focus almost exclusively on first-order belief change— A stands firm, B updates its beliefs about A’s resolve. Such first-order reputational effects are important, but they are not the whole story. Higher-order beliefs—what A believes about B’s beliefs, and so on—matter a great deal as well. When A comes to believe that B is more resolved, this may decrease A’s resolve, and this in turn may increase B’s resolve, and so on. In other words, resolve is interdependent. We offer a framework for estimating higher-order effects, and find evidence of such reasoning in a survey experiment on quasi-elites. Our findings indicate both that states and leaders can develop potent reputations for resolve, and that higher-order beliefs are often responsible for a large proportion of these effects (40 percent to 70 percent in our experimental setting). We conclude by complementing the survey with qualitative evidence and laying the groundwork for future research.

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