On a combinatorial principle of Hajnal and Komjáth

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1056-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Velleman

In their paper [3], Hajnal and Komjáth define the following combinatorial principle:Definition 1.1. Suppose κ is an infinite cardinal and n < ω. Then Hn(κ) is the statement: There is a function F: [κ]n → [[κ]ω]≤ω such that(a) ∀A ∈[κ]n ∀Y ∈ F(A)(Y ⊆ min (A)), and(b) .Hn(κ) is related to a more general principle introduced by Hajnal and Nagy in [4]. For applications of these principles to free sets for set mappings and Ramsey games we refer the reader to [3] and [4].In [3] Hajnal and Komjáth prove the consistency of ZFC + GCH + ∀n ∈ ω(Hn + 1(ωn + 1)), relative to an ω-Mahlo cardinal. They conjecture that L is a model of this theory, and suggest that the proof might require higher gap morasses. The first few cases of this conjecture are known to be true; it is easy to see that if CH holds then H1 (ω1) is true, and Laver proved that V = L implies H2(ω2). In this paper we go one step further and prove V = L → H3(ω3). Unfortunately our methods do not appear to give Hn (ωn) for n ≥ 4.Most of our notation is standard. If X is any set and κ is a cardinal number then [X]κ is the set of subsets of X with cardinality κ, and [X]≤κ is the set of subsets of X with cardinality ≤ κ. If X is a set of ordinals then tp(X) is the order type of X.

Consider a cardinal number α, a set I and a family [A v :v in I) of sets. Suppose that for every subset N of I of cardinality less than α we are given a choice of an element x f N v A v for every v in N this paper the author investigates the circumstances under which it is then always possible to make a choice of an element x*of A v for all v in which, in some precisely specified sense, can be approximated arbitrarily closely by some of the given partial choice functions x f . This question has turned out to be important when α is the least infinite cardinal number. Some of the results involve classes of ‘ large ’ cardinals.


2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 495-508
Author(s):  
Ahmed Maatallah ◽  
Ali Benhissi

Let A be a ring. In this paper we generalize some results introduced by Aliabad and Mohamadian. We give a relation between the z-ideals of A and those of the formal power series rings in an infinite set of indeterminates over A. Consider A[[XΛ]]3 and its subrings A[[XΛ]]1, A[[XΛ]]2, and A[[XΛ]]α, where α is an infinite cardinal number. In fact, a z-ideal of the rings defined above is of the form I + (XΛ)i, where i = 1, 2, 3 or an infinite cardinal number and I is a z-ideal of A. In addition, we prove that the same condition given by Aliabad and Mohamadian can be used to get a relation between the minimal prime ideals of the ring of the formal power series in an infinite set of indeterminates and those of the ring of coefficients. As a natural result, we get a relation between the z°-ideals of the formal power series ring in an infinite set of indeterminates and those of the ring of coefficients.


Author(s):  
M. Paula O. Marques

SynopsisLet X be a set with infinite cardinality m and let Qm be the semigroupof balanced elements in ℐ(X), as described by Howie. If I is the ideal{αεQm:|Xα|<m} then the Rees factor Pm = Qm/I is O-bisimple and idempotent-generated. Its minimum non-trivial homomorphic image has both these properties and is congruence-free. Moreover, has depth 4, in the sense that [E()]4 = , [E()]3≠


2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Komjáth ◽  
Saharon Shelah

AbstractIt is consistent that there is a set mapping from the four-tuples of ωn into the finite subsets with no free subsets of size tn for some natural number tn. For any n < ω it is consistent that there is a set mapping from the pairs of ωn into the finite subsets with no infinite free sets. For any n < ω it is consistent that there is a set mapping from the pairs of ωn into ωn with no uncountable free sets.


1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony W. Hager

All topological spaces shall be uniformizable (completely regular Hausdorff). A uniformity on X shall be viewed as a collection μ of coverings of X, via the manner of Tukey [20] and Isbell [16], and the associated uniform space denoted μX. Given the uniformizable topological space X, we shall be concerned with compatible uniformities as follows (discussed more carefully in § 1). The fine uniformity α (finest compatible with the topology); the “cardinal reflections“ αm of α (m an infinite cardinal number) ; αc, the weak uniformity generated by the real-valued continuous functions.With μ standing, generically, for one of these uniformities, we consider the question: when is μ(X × Y) = μX × μY For μ = αℵ0 (the finest compatible precompact uniformity), the problem is equivalent to that of whenβ(X × Y) = βX × βY,β denoting Stone-Cech compactification; this is answered by the theorem of Glicksberg [9]. For μ = α, we have Isbell's generalization [16, VI1.32].


1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (02) ◽  
pp. 301-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Hodel

Let X be an infinite topological space, let 𝔫 be an infinite cardinal number with 𝔫 ≦ |X|. The basic problem in this paper is to find the number of closed sets in X of cardinality 𝔫. A complete answer to this question for the class of metrizable spaces has been given by A. H. Stone in [31], where he proves the following result. Let X be an infinite metrizable space of weight 𝔪, let 𝔫 ≦ |X|.


Once the number of degrees of freedom exceeds a certain number, it would be impossible to solve the dynamic equilibrium equation manually, hence the need to switch to a numerical resolution, whose general principle is to convert a dynamic equation into a static one. We are interested, for the dynamic analysis of the structures and the continuous media, in “one-step” algorithms rather than “multi-step” one. It is mainly because the systems to be solved are of large size and that it is important to minimize the number of operations and value to be memorized to the detriment, if necessary, of precision. A “one-step” algorithm, like that of Newmark, makes it possible to calculate the solution at time tn+1, starting from the solution at time tn. In addition to the disadvantage of requiring the storage of several steps, the “multi-step” algorithms such as that of Houbolt requires a startup procedure. This chapter allows the reader to enumerate and understand different numerical method with different examples.


1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Watro

Let λ be an ordinal less than or equal to an infinite cardinal κ. For S ⊂ κ, [S]λ denotes the collection of all order type λ subsets of S. A set X ⊂ [κ]λ will be called Ramsey iff there exists p ∈ [κ]κ such that either [p]λ ⊂ X or [p]λ ∩ X = ∅. The set p is called homogeneous for X.The infinite Ramsey theorem implies that all subsets of [ω]n are Ramsey for n < ω. Using the axiom of choice, one can define a non-Ramsey subset of [ω]ω. In [GP], Galvin and Prikry showed that all Borel subsets of [ω]ω are Ramsey, where one topologizes [ω]ω as a subspace of Baire space. Silver [S] proved that analytic sets are Ramsey, and observed that this is best possible in ZFC.When κ > ω, the assertion that all subsets of [κ]n are Ramsey is a large cardinal hypothesis equivalent to κ being weakly compact (and strongly inaccessible). Again, is not possible in ZFC to have all subsets of [κ]ω Ramsey. The analogy to the Galvin-Prikry theorem mentioned above was established by Kleinberg, extending work by Kleinberg and Shore in [KS]. The set [κ]ω is given a topology as a subspace of κω, which has the usual product topology, κ taken as discrete. It was shown that all open subsets of [κ]ω are Ramsey iff κ is a Ramsey cardinal (that is, κ → (κ)<ω).In this note we examine the spaces [κ]λ for κ ≥ λ ≥ ω. We show that κ Ramsey implies all open subsets of [κ]λ are Ramsey for λ < κ, and that if κ is measurable, then all open subsets of [κ]κ are Ramsey. Let us remark here that we can with the same methods prove these results with “κ-Borel” in the place of “open”, where the κ-Borel sets are the smallest collection containing the opens and closed under complementation and intersections of length less than κ. Also, although here we consider just subsets of [κ]λ, it is no more difficult to show that partitions of [κ]λ into less than κ many κ-Borel sets have, under the appropriate hypothesis, size κ homogeneous sets.


1966 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 981-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Shapiro

If γ is an infinite cardinal number, a subset S of a topological space X is said to be Pγ-embedded in X if every γ-separable continuous pseudometric on S can be extended to a γ-separable continuous pseudometric on X. (A pseudometric d on X is γ-separable if there exists a subset G of X such that |G| ⩽ 7 and such that G is dense in X relative to the pseudometric topology A pseudometric d is continuous if d is continuous relative to the product topology on X × X.) We say that S is P-embedded in X if every continuous pseudometric on S can be extended to a continuous pseudometric on X.


1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Kleinberg ◽  
R. A. Shore

A significant portion of the study of large cardinals in set theory centers around the concept of “partition relation”. To best capture the basic idea here, we introduce the following notation: for x and y sets, κ an infinite cardinal, and γ an ordinal less than κ, we let [x]γ denote the collection of subsets of x of order-type γ and abbreviate with the partition relation for each function F frominto y there exists a subset C of κ of cardinality κ such that (such that for each α < γ) the range of F on [С]γ ([С]α) has cardinality 1. Now although each infinite cardinal κ satisfies the relation for each n and m in ω (F. P. Ramsey [8]), a connection with large cardinals arises when one asks, “For which uncountable κ do we have κ → (κ)2?” Indeed, any uncountable cardinal κ which satisfies κ → (κ)2 is strongly inaccessible and weakly compact (see [9]). As another example one can look at the improvements of Scott's original result to the effect that if there exists a measurable cardinal then there exists a nonconstructible set. Indeed, if κ is a measurable cardinal then κ → (κ)< ω, and as Solovay [11] has shown, if there exists a cardinal κ such that κ → (κ)< ω3 (κ → (ℵ1)< ω, even) then there exists a nonconstructible set of integers.


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