Comments on a variant form of natural deduction

1965 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Tuthill Parry
Keyword(s):  
Natural Deduction ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Symbolic Logic ◽  
Variant Form ◽  
Propositional Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Formal Statement

This note shows that the system of natural deduction proposed by Copi in this Journal (1956), made by varying one restriction on Universal Generalization (UG) of the system of his Symbolic logic (1954), is incorrect. The original Symbolic logic system, also incorrect, was corrected in the third printing (1958) by modification of another restriction on UG; but combining this modification with that of the Journal article does not give a correct system.1. In Symbolic logic — cited as SL (or as SL54 to indicate the first printing) — Copi precedes his formal statement of the quantification rules by a set of conventions applying to all the rules.The expression ‘Φμ’ will denote any propositional function in which there is at least one free occurrence of the variable denoted by ‘μ’. The expression ‘Φν’ will denote the result of replacing all free occurrences of μ in Φμ by ν, with the added provision that [a] when ν is a variable it must occur free in Φν at all places at which μ occurs free in Φμ.The italicized provision we call Restriction a. In the third printing of Symbolic logic — cited as SL58 — Restriction a appears explicitly as part of each of the four quantification rules.

scholarly journals Man as Rescuer and Monster in Steven Spielberg's Film Text "Schindler's List"

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
José Díaz-Cuesta Galián
Keyword(s):  
Journal Article ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Steven Spielberg ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Fold Structure ◽  
Schindler's List ◽  
Film Text

This journal article addresses the confrontation between two extreme representations of man in Steven Spielberg’s Schindler’s List (1993): the rescuer and the monster. It is my contention that these representations simplify two of the moral options –good versus evil– from which men can freely choose according to both Judaism and Catholicism, which are the two religious cults the film alludes to. This article has a three-fold structure. The first part focuses on the godlike representation of Oskar Schindler2 and his relation to key episodes in the Bible. The second one deals with Amon Goeth, Schindler’s mirror image and the incarnation of evil in the film. The third part surveys Spielberg’s blending of religious traditions in some films prior to Schindler’s List. As a conclusion it is proposed that the godlike man who rescues his people is not only Oskar Schindler, but also Steven Spielberg.

The Grammatical Background of Kant's General Logic

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-140
Author(s):  
Kurt Mosser
Keyword(s):  
Natural Deduction ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Predicate Logic ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Symbolic Logic ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
First Order ◽  
General Logic ◽  
First Order Predicate Logic

In theCritique of Pure Reason, Kant conceives of general logic as a set of universal and necessary rules for the possibility of thought, or as a set of minimal necessary conditions for ascribing rationality to an agent (exemplified by the principle of non-contradiction). Such a conception, of course, contrasts with contemporary notions of formal, mathematical or symbolic logic. Yet, in so far as Kant seeks to identify those conditions that must hold for the possibility of thought in general, such conditions must holda fortiorifor any specific model of thought, including axiomatic treatments of logic and standard natural deduction models of first-order predicate logic. Kant's general logic seeks to isolate those conditions by thinking through – or better, reflecting on – those conditions that themselves make thought possible.

scholarly journals A Study of Systemic Functional Linguistics: Political Ideology of Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton in First Presidential Debate

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-187
Author(s):  
Alda Fitriani Suwandi ◽  
Muhammad Thoriqussuud
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Systemic Functional Linguistics ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Hillary Clinton ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
National Unity ◽  
The Third ◽  
National Priority

This journal article discusses how to reveal the ideology through two approaches, those are transtivity process by MAK Halliday and the theoretical framework in Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough. This journal article investigates Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton ideology, then compares their ideology who is more prominent. Before revealing their ideology, the researcher compares the transtivity process of both candidates and finds that Donald Trump has 281 clauses consist of transtivity process, while Hillary Clinton has 203 clauses consist of transtivity process. The differences of the total numbers of transtivity process, it also reflects to the tendency of ideology. It has shown that Trump has 60% to the citizen involvement rather than Hillary has 52%. Then, in the aspect of national priority, Hillary has the highest tendency that is 16% rather than Trump has 6%. The third aspect is policy of law Hillary also has the highest tendency that is 11% than Trump only 7%. In the aspect of equality in democracy ideology, Trump gets 7% while Hillary gets 0%. In the last aspect, is national unity Trump gets 20% tendency than Hillary gets 19%. Finally, the researcher concludes that Donald Trump’s ideology is the most prominent than Hillary Clinton.  

The Gilley ‘debate’

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-337
Author(s):  
Tom Young
Keyword(s):  
Journal Article ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
The Third

AbstractI suggest that the recent furore over Gilley's article on colonialism raises at least three distinct issues both within academia and the wider space of public debate. The first concerns the category of ‘offence’, who can be offended and by what. The second concerns the nature of colonialism, its contemporary understanding and why that remains politically controversial. The third concerns possible continuities between certain aspects of colonial rule and current forms of Western intervention in Africa. In each case I make some very tentative suggestions as to why one journal article attracted so much attention and antagonism.

Another variant of natural deduction

1956 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving M. Copi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Deduction ◽  
Propositional Function ◽  
Image Position

Since 1934 various different techniques for natural deduction have been developed by Gentzen, Jaśkowski, Rosser, Quine, and others (see [1], pp. 147–167; [2], especially footnotes 1, 3, and 4; and [3], pp. 75-83, 96-107, and 289-294). It has been pointed out to me by Professor Donald Kalish of U.C.L.A. that the restrictions placed upon Universal Generalization (UG) and Existential Instantiation (EI) in [3] force one to construct a less natural proof than seems desirable for such arguments as(cf. [3], p. 139, and [1], pp. 175f.) It is my purpose in this note to formulate an alternative restriction on UG which will permit a more natural proof for such arguments, and to prove the consistency of the altered rule.In the notation of [3], “The expression ‘Φμ’ will denote any propositional function in which there is at least one free occurrence of the variable denoted by ‘μ’. The expression ‘Φν’ will denote the result of replacing all free occurrences of μ in Φμ by ν, with the added proviso that when ν is a variable it must occur free in Φν at all places at which μ occurs free in Φμ.” ([3], p. 100.) The statement of EI is relatively unrestricted; beingprovided that ν is a variable which occurs free in no earlier step.” ([3], p. 104.)

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