Alternative postulate sets for Lewis's S5

1956 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-349
Author(s):  
E. J. Lemmon
Keyword(s):  
Propositional Calculus ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Propositional Formula ◽  
Modal Operator ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Derived Rules

Professor Prior (Formal logic (1955), pp. 305–307) gives alternative postulate sets for Lewis's S5, one substantially Lewis's own set (p. 305, 6.1) and another, considerably simpler, due to Prior himself (pp. 306–307, 6.5). This note aims at showing that the systems based on these two postulate sets are in fact equivalent. We label the system based on Lewis's postulates ‘S5’, as usual, and that on Prior's postulates ‘P’.The form of the postulate set for P considered here is as follows. We add to the full propositional calculus one definition:Df. M: M = NLN;and two special rules:L1: ⊦Cαβ → ⊦CLαβ;L2: ⊦Cαβ → ⊦CαLβ, if α is fully modalized (a propositional formula is fully modalized, if and only if all occurrences of propositional variables in it lie within the scope of a modal operator).Prior's text (pp. 201–205) indicates sufficiently how it could be shown that any thesis of S5 is a thesis of P and that the rules and definitions of S5 are obtainable as derived rules of P. We turn, therefore, to the problem of showing that any thesis of P is a thesis of S5 and that the rules and definition of P are obtainable as derived rules of S5.

scholarly journals Psychological characteristics of the rules of subordination within the cultural and historical analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
T.P. Budyakova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Psychological Acceptance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Importance

The article examines the psychology of submission. Given psychological characteristic standards of submission historically embodied in the moral codes and legal sources. The subject of analysis are historical regulations XII—XX centuries, the customs, in which the fixed rate of submission, as well as the memoir literature. There are four basic psychological lines of development in the history of the rules of subordination, in particular: a special regulation of the rules of subordination and increasing social importance of the role of subordinate. It is proved that psychological acceptance of a subordinate role and the satisfaction of its implementation includes the requirement of special rules regulating authority and emphasis on the social importance of the role of subordinate. It was established that one of the reasons that the job satisfaction of employees of state structures higher than employees of private companies, a large schema definition of relations with management. Hierarchical role is considered in terms of two components: the role of attributes and rules, rules of conduct. The article focuses on the fact that the individual external signs, locking status subordination, increase the level of self-esteem of subordinate.

Ch.1 Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vrdoljak Ana Filipa ◽  
Francioni Francesco
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
International Law ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Intangible Heritage ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
International Instruments

This chapter provides an introductory overview to the Handbook. It outlines the definition of cultural heritage as covered by the key international instruments covering movable and immovable, tangible and intangible heritage. It outlines the role of key stakeholders including States, the international community, individuals, groups and communities (including Indigenous peoples), and experts and non-governmental organizations. Finally, the structure of the Handbook is explained. It outlines that there are special rules covering cultural heritage in most specialist areas of international law. It signposts how practice relating to cultural heritage is influencing the development of the rules of general public international law. Likewise, it notes that cultural heritage is influencing disputes resolution processes, integral to the interpretation and implementation of these rules. Finally, the role of regional practice in Africa, Asia, Oceania, the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa is flagged.

scholarly journals Drones: a View in the Context of Land Legislation

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
G. N. Eiriyan
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Land Plot ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Conflict Zone ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Meaningful Definition ◽  
Upper Boundary

In the coming decade, the rapid development of the drone technology is to be expected. At the same time, airspace will increasingly become a conflict zone between drone operators and land users.Unlike manned aircraft, drones are often used in low-altitude airspace, which is directly related to determining the “upper” boundary of the land plot as the object of use.The author believes that the minimum altitude of the drone in airspace should ensure normal use of the land plot as intended. And the closer to the surface of the earth drones will fly, the more urgent there will be a need for a meaningful definition of such concepts as “the use of the land plot”, "impossibility of using the land plot”, “significant difficulties in using the land plot”, as well as criteria for “normal” use of the land plot as intended. According to the author, in some cases the specificity of activity on the surface of the earth necessitates the establishment of prohibitions (restrictions) on the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in air space above them, as well as special rules on the use of low altitude airspace to meet “their own needs” by persons using the relevant land plots.Particular attention is paid to the issue of protection of the rights to privacy of persons using land plots. The author summarizes that the use of drones in combination with video technologies will make adjustments to the existing 2D view of the boundaries of the land plot as an object of use and will entail problems in the protection of the right mentioned above.

scholarly journals Czy logika formalna ma sens?

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Ludomir Newelski
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Symbolic Logic ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Semantic Inference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Rational Reasoning

Does formal logic make sense?This text is a commentary on the book Logika i argumentacja. Praktyczny kurs krytycznego myślenia Logic and Argumentation. A Practical Course In Critical Thinking by Professor Andrzej Kisielewicz. Prof. Kisielewicz argues there, among other things, that formal symbolic logic is inadequate to explain practical rational reasoning. This commentary defends formal logic in this respect. In particular, Prof. Kisielewicz proposes in his book a definition of practical logical inference. According to him, a conclusion follows from a given set of premises if there is no situation, where the premises hold, while the conclusion fails. In this commentary it is pointed out that this is a well-known notion of semantic inference in formal logic. It is also well-known that semantic and syntactic inference in logic are equivalent, i.e. equally strong.

CONCEPT, ESSENCE AND LEGAL NATURE OF INVESTMENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
YURY SHPINEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Definition Of

Creating a favorable investment climate is one of the most important tasks of the economy, however, the legal regulation of investment activity in Russia has a number of serious shortcomings. The quality of legislation on investment relations depends on an objective and deep understanding of the legal nature of investments. In this regard, the author seeks to study various approaches to determining the legal nature of investments. The methodological base of the research was based on the methods of formal logic and concrete scientific methods, technical-legal and historical-genetic methods. The author's position is based on the current legislation and the opinions of legal scholars on the legal nature and essence of investments. Based on the analysis of current legislation, the author points out the problem of determining investments in normative acts and in legal science. Various approaches to the concept of «legal nature» and «legal essence» and opinions on the legal nature and essence of investments and investment contracts are outlined. The author's definition of the category «legal nature» is proposed. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that in order to establish a unified legal and scientific definition of investments, it is necessary to determine their legal essence and legal nature, which in turn requires studying and describing the primary characteristics of investments in the context of economic science at the time of the emergence of this category.

scholarly journals REFLEXIVE-INSENSITIVE MODAL LOGICS

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID R. GILBERT ◽  
GIORGIO VENTURI
Keyword(s):  
Completeness Theorem ◽  
Modal Logics ◽  
Modal Operator ◽  
Semantic Condition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Normal Modal Logics ◽  
Semantic Definition

AbstractWe analyze a class of modal logics rendered insensitive to reflexivity by way of a modification to the semantic definition of the modal operator. We explore the extent to which these logics can be characterized, and prove a general completeness theorem on the basis of a translation between normal modal logics and their reflexive-insensitive counterparts. Lastly, we provide a sufficient semantic condition describing when a similarly general soundness result is also available.

A note on nominalism and recursive functions

1949 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Martin
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Recursive Function ◽  
Homogeneous System ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Abstract Objects ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
General Recursive Function ◽  
Recursive Functions ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of this note is (i) to point out an important similarity between the nominalistic system discussed by Quine in his recent paper On universals and the system of logic (the system н) developed by the author in A homogeneous system for formal logic, (ii) to offer certain corrections to the latter, and (iii) to show that that system (н) is adequate for the general theory of ancestrale and for the definition of any general recursive function of natural numbers.Nominalism as a thesis in the philosophy of science, according to Quine, is the view that it is possible to construct a language adequate for the purposes of science, which in no wise admits classes, properties, relations, or other abstract objects as values for variables.

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