The Economy of the Chinese Mainland: National Income and Economic Development 1933-1959.

In the ten years of Communist rule since late 1949 a thoroughgoing revolution has taken place on the Chinese mainland in economic organisation, savings and investment, and distribution, with profound effects on the daily lives of the people. Peking has claimed that immense progress has been made on all economic fronts, including the real income of industrial and agricultural workers. It has felt confident enough to shorten from fifteen to ten years (beginning 1958) the target period at the end of which its output of electric power and certain major industrial goods would match or exceed that of Britain. In the non-Communist world, commentators vary greatly in their judgments; they range from those who reject all the official statistics and consider no important progress to have been made during the period, to those who not only accept the claims in tato but have advanced all sorts of arguments to defend even those claims that Peking has later had to repudiate.

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Macro-economic Factors Influencing Tourism Entrepreneurship: The Case of Kazakhstan

The Journal of Entrepreneurship ◽

10.1177/0971355720981431 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 097135572098143

Author(s):

Aizhan Tleuberdinova ◽

Zhanat Shayekina ◽

Dinara Salauatova ◽

Stephen Pratt

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Emerging Economies ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

National Income ◽

Tourism Development ◽

Entrepreneurial Activity ◽

Macroeconomic Factors ◽

Distributed Lag ◽

Tourism Sector ◽

The Impact

Tourism development contributes to economic development. In emerging economies like Kazakhstan, tourism development needs active entrepreneurship. As the country emerges from the post-Soviet era, there has been an increase in economic development and prosperity. Entrepreneurship in the tourism sector can drive economies forward through the creation of new tourism and hospitality businesses. The macroeconomic environment can influence entrepreneurial activity. We use an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the impact of macroeconomic factors on tourism entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. Using data from 1996 to 2018, we find that there is a positive short-run relationship between wages in the tourism sector and entrepreneurship, suggesting that wage growth in the sector attracts entrepreneurs. In the long run, however, tourism sector wages have a negative relationship with entrepreneurship, suggesting that these higher wages represent a higher cost to entrepreneurship. There is also a strong positive relationship between national income and tourism entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. Implications of macroeconomic policy changes for Kazakhstan and other emerging economies are discussed.

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A Potential Risk Index Dataset for Landfalling Tropical Cyclones over the Chinese Mainland (PRITC dataset V1.0)

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1007/s00376-021-0365-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 (10) ◽

pp. 1791-1802

Author(s):

Peiyan Chen ◽

Hui Yu ◽

Kevin K. W. Cheung ◽

Jiajie Xin ◽

Yi Lu

Keyword(s):

Tropical Cyclones ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Risk Index ◽

Chinese Mainland ◽

Current Version ◽

Term Trend ◽

The Chinese Mainland ◽

Landfalling Tropical Cyclones ◽

Long Term Trend

AbstractA dataset entitled “A potential risk index dataset for landfalling tropical cyclones over the Chinese mainland” (PRITC dataset V1.0) is described in this paper, as are some basic statistical analyses. Estimating the severity of the impacts of tropical cyclones (TCs) that make landfall on the Chinese mainland based on observations from 1401 meteorological stations was proposed in a previous study, including an index combining TC-induced precipitation and wind (IPWT) and further information, such as the corresponding category level (CAT_IPWT), an index of TC-induced wind (IWT), and an index of TC-induced precipitation (IPT). The current version of the dataset includes TCs that made landfall from 1949–2018; the dataset will be extended each year. Long-term trend analyses demonstrate that the severity of the TC impacts on the Chinese mainland have increased, as embodied by the annual mean IPWT values, and increases in TCinduced precipitation are the main contributor to this increase. TC Winnie (1997) and TC Bilis (2006) were the two TCs with the highest IPWT and IPT values, respectively. The PRITC V1.0 dataset was developed based on the China Meteorological Administration’s tropical cyclone database and can serve as a bridge between TC hazards and their social and economic impacts.

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