The Decisions Bridging the GATT 1947 and the WTO Agreement

1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Moore

On September 20, 1986, the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (GATT 1947) agreed to launch an eighth round of multilateral trade negotiations known as the Uruguay Round. More than seven years later they concluded the round, not with an amended version of the GATT 1947, but with an entirely new treaty, the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riki Andus Manulang

Revolusi industri di Inggris pada sekitar abad 18 telah mengubah dunia secara drastis. Teknologi telah mengambil alih peran manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya terutama dalam hal mengatasi ruang dan waktu. Temuan-temuan besar seperti mesin uap, mesin cetak dan lain-lain membuat para inventor dan perusahaan besar mulai sering memamerkan hasil-hasil temuan mereka. Namun, bersamaan dengan ditemukannya teknologi industri timbul kekhawatiran bahwa ada kemungkinan ide atau gagasan-gagasan mereka dicuri oleh pesaing-pesaing bisnis mereka atau orang yang akan menggunakannya tanpa ijin dan mengambil keuntungan pribadi, tanpa memperhatikan hak-hak penemu, sehingga mereka enggan ikut dalam pameran-pameran internasional (world fair) . Sejak saat ini dia antara mereka timbul kebutuhan perlindungan hak hasil kekayaan intelektual. Kebutuhan perlindungan atas suatu desain industri mulai dikenal sekitar abad ke 18. Kebutuhan perlindungan hukum ini dimotori sekelompok profesional,Patent Lawyers yang sedang berkumpul di Vienna, Austria dalam suasana Vienna World Fair pada tahun 1873. Pada 1883 mereka mengadakan konvensi di Paris yang kemudian dikenal dengan The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. Saat ini Paris Convention mengakomodasi perlindungan penemuan-penemuan di bidang industri seperti hak atas paten, merek, rahasia dagang, desain tata letak sirkuit terpadu, indikasi geografis, varietas tanaman termasuk desain industri.Dalam pertemuan Putaran Uruguay di Marrakes, Maroko 1994, Indonesia hadir dan menandatangani The Final Act Embodying the Results of The Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations yang menghasilan dibentuknya organisasi perdagangan dunia (World Trade Organization). Moment ini mempunyai arti yang luas dan dalam bagi Indonesia, baik secara politis, ekonomi dan hukum. Selain menjadi anggota WTO yang mempunyai hak-hak sebagai anggota juga kewajiban-kewajiban antara lain mentaati seluruh keputusan-keputusan yang diambil organisasi ini. Di dalam lampiran The Final Act terdapat lampiran Trade Releated Aspect of Intellectual Property (Aspek-aspek dagangan kekayaan intelektual). Dampak dari hal itu ada kewajiban bagi negara anggota untuk melakukan harmonisasi peraturan-peraturan termasuk peraturan kekayaan intelektual. Maka, pada tahun 2000, pemerintah Indonesia menerbitkan beberapa peraturan HKI, yaitu Undang-Undang No. 29 tahun Tentang Varietas Tanaman; Undang-Undang No. 30 Tahun 2000 Tentang Rahasia Dagang; Undang-Undang No. 31 Tahun 2000 Tentang Desain Industri; Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2000 Tentang Desain Tata Letak Sirkuit Terpadu.Dengan judul Desain Industri Sebagai Seni Terapan Dilindungi Hak kekayaan Intelektual secara yuridis normatif akan dijelaskan bahwa suatu desain selain dapat dilindungi hak Desain Industri juga dapat dilindungi dengan hak cipta. Dalam tulisan ini akan diangkat tentang apakah suatu desain dapat dilindungi dengan hak cipta? Bagi seorang pendesain perlindungan hak apa yang akan dipilih untuk melindungi hasil desain suatu produk?


2004 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 95-111
Author(s):  
Jose L. Tongzon

The World Trade Organization (WTO) (formerly GATT) was established primarily to achieve free trade across the globe based on the principle of non-discrimination and the process of multilateral trade negotiations. The fact that most countries are members of WTO reflects the worldwide belief in the benefits of a global free trade. Despite its achievements since the first round of multilateral trade negotiations was held, the effectiveness of the process has been called into question. Most WTO members are now proposing new regional trading arrangements (RTAs), such as free trade agreements (FTAs). What implication does these RTAs have for the WTO and ASEAN countries? Should ASEAN countries give regionalism priority over the WTO-based multilateral approach? To answer this questions, this paper will first summarize the motivations behind the formation of RTAs before presenting the merits and demerits of RTAs as an approach to achieve universal free trade and maximize developing countries' welfare. It is argued that despite its inherent limitations it is important for ASEAN countries to remain primarily committed to the principles of WTO and the process of multilateral trade negotiations.


1999 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blandford

The signing of the Uruguay Round agreement on agriculture (URAA) in 1994 was a significant step towards the liberalization of world agricultural trade. A new round of negotiations on agriculture is scheduled to begin under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) at the end of 1999. This paper discusses the likely agenda of those negotiations and their implications for agriculture in the northeastern United States.


2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar Niranjan

The agreement on agriculture (AOA) forms a part of the final act of the Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiation, which was signed by the member's countries in April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morocco and came into force on 1st January 1995.for the first time, agriculture features in a major way in the GATT round of multilateral trade negotiations. Although the original GATT- the predecessor of the World Trade organization (WTO) applied to trade in agriculture, various expectations to the disciplines on the use of non-tariff measures and subsidy meant that it did not do so effectively. The Uruguay round agreement sought to bring order and fair competition to this highly distorted sector of world trade by establishment of a fair and market oriented agriculture trading sector. Therefore the formation of the world trade organization (WTO) in January 1, 1995 as a successor organization for the General Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT) was watershed event in the history of global trade reform.


AJIL Unbound ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Voon

For seventy years, the security exception in the multilateral trade regime has mostly lain dormant. The exception first appeared in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT 1947), before being incorporated in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) upon the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, security exceptions also exist in several other WTO provisions, including the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Until recently, perhaps through a combination of WTO member restraint and fortuitous circumstances, WTO panels have not had to make a definitive ruling on the meaning and scope of these exceptions. Yet, suddenly, the security exception lies at the center of multiple explosive disputes, posing a potential threat to the WTO's very existence.


2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
Tassos Haniotis

The failure of the Seattle Ministerial to launch a new Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations raised a series of essential questions concerning the future of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This is only natural, considering the expectations that were raised before the Ministerial, the unprecedented extent of public discontent (albeit of various, often opposing tendencies), and the at-this-stage uncertain follow-up.


2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-339

This special issue of the World Trade Review marks the 10th anniversary of the creation of the World Trade Organization as part of the agreements reached during the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations. The Editorial Board is pleased to present the reflections of all the former Director-Generals of the WTO on the organization's achievements and shortcomings over the past decade, as well as their thoughts on its future direction.


1996 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Grimwade

In December, 1993, the round of multilateral trade negotiations known as the Uruguay Round was at last successfully concluded, seven years after it was launched at Punta del Este in Uruguay and three years later than it was scheduled to finish. This was the eighth and, almost certainly, the last round of GATT which is likely to take place on a similar basis. Up until the last minutes, it was uncertain whether any agreement would emerge. The final agreement was formally signed by the contracting parties at a gathering of Heads of State at Marrakech, Morocco and amidst great fanfare in April 1994. On January lst, 1995, the provisions of the Agreement took effect, including the establishment of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as the successor to the GATT.


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