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Significance The government will appeal the rulings, which follow action by renewables firms. With constitutional battles over energy investments already unfolding, the future of Mexico’s energy framework has been thrown into turmoil. Impacts Increasing energy prices will probably push inflation above Banxico’s upper target limit of 4%. AMLO’s apparent disregard for international trade agreements will strain relations with the United States. AMLO’s pro-austerity fiscal stance could take a toll on his popularity.

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Understanding International Trade Policies: An Emerging Synthesis

World Politics ◽

10.2307/2010554 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 139-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

John S. Odell

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

International Trade ◽

Political Science ◽

Political Institutions ◽

Recent Literature ◽

The United States ◽

Trade Policies ◽

Market Conditions ◽

Theoretical Perspectives ◽

Beliefs And Values

The international trade problems of the 1980s stimulated an expansion of scholarship on trade policies by economists and political scientists. At least four distinct theoretical perspectives weave their way through recent literature that concentrates on the United States—emphasizing market conditions, policy beliefs and values, national political institutions, and global structures, respectively. New studies in each of these traditions advance beyond the work of their predecessors, but none of the perspectives has yet proved adequate as a single unifying vehicle. Nevertheless, we can also see clear movement toward a synthesis, with single works blending insights from several traditions. Thus, the books under review do not all fall neatly into the familiar exclusive categories of “economics” or “political science.” The emerging synthesis needs strengthening in several ways, including the development of “conditioning hypotheses” that will reduce remaining apparent confusions.

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A Critical Analysis of Mercosur Countries’ Trade Relationships with the United States and China

International Business Research ◽

10.5539/ibr.v10n1p163 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 163

Author(s):

M. Anaam Hashmi

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

International Trade ◽

Trade Deficit ◽

The United States ◽

Data Series ◽

The European Union ◽

Full Member ◽

Strategic Goals ◽

Almost All ◽

Export Industries

The Mercosur trade alliance formed in 1991 is composed of six full member countries. Historically, Mercosur member countries have been engaged in international trade with the United States, Japan, and the European Union, but recently, China has become a dominant player in the region, with increased foreign direct investment and international trade. Chinese commercial and trade involvement was followed by a visit to the region by President Jiang Zemin in 2001; therefore, this study relied on a 2000–2015 data series. Chinese enterprises are competing well with U.S. corporations in almost all Mercosur member countries. A majority of Mercosur members had a trade deficit with China in recent years, suggesting that Mercosur members cannot leverage their export industries and are losing their competitiveness. The future of the Mercosur-China trade relationship is bright because both sides require each other’s products. Future involvement also depends on the Chinese government’s strategic goals, and the competitiveness of U.S. corporations.

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Museums, collectors, and value manipulation: tax fraud through donation of antiquities

10.31235/osf.io/73uat ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Donna Yates

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

International Trade ◽

Case Studies ◽

The United States ◽

Tax Law ◽

Traditional Practices ◽

Antiquities Market ◽

Tax Fraud ◽

Key Aspects ◽

Tax Deduction

PurposeTo discuss the key aspects of the international trade in antiquities and the practice of philanthropic donation of object to museums that allow for certain types of tax deduction manipulation using a case of tax deduction manipulation from Australia and a case of tax fraud from the United States as examples.Design/methodology/approachTwo thoroughly researched case studies are presented which illustrate the particular features of current and past antiquities donation incentivization schemes which leave them open to manipulation and fraud.FindingsThe valuation of antiquities is subjective and problematic and the operations of both the antiquities market and the museums sector are traditionally opaque. Because of this tax incentivisation of antiquities donations, is susceptible to fraud.Originality/valueThis paper presents the mechanisms of the antiquities market and museum world to an audience that is not familiar with it. It then clearly demonstrates how the traditional practices of this world can be manipulated for the purposes of tax fraud. Two useful case studies are presented and one of these case studies has never been academically published before, despite it being the cause for a change in Australian tax law.

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