Plantation Architecture of the Lower South on the Eve of the Civil War

James C. Bonner

doi:10.2307/2197813

Plantation Architecture of the Lower South on the Eve of the Civil War

The Journal of Southern History ◽

10.2307/2197813 ◽

1945 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 370 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James C. Bonner

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Plantation Architecture ◽

Lower South

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Black-Owned Businesses in the South, 1790–1880

The Business History Review ◽

10.2307/3115425 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 22-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Loren Schweninger

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Business Groups ◽

Business Activity ◽

The South ◽

Business Ownership ◽

Antebellum Era ◽

Comparative Framework ◽

Upper South ◽

Lower South ◽

The U.S

This essay analyzes the changing configuration of black-owned businesses in the South over nearly a century. It divides the region into two sections—the Lower South and the Upper South—and examines changes that occurred prior to 1840, during the late antebellum era, and as a result of the Civil War. It uses a “wealth model” to define various business groups, and then creates business occupational categories based on the listings in various sources, including the U.S. censuses for 1850, 1860, and 1870. The article compares and contrasts the wealth holdings among various groups of blacks in business, and it analyzes, within a comparative framework, slave entrepreneurship, rural vs. urban business activity, color—black or mulatto—as a variable in business ownership, and slave ownership among blacks engaged in business.

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