scholarly journals The League of Nations’ Report on the Unification of the Law of Negotiable Instruments

1924 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-789
Author(s):  
Arthur K. Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Chamber Of Commerce ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
International Chamber Of Commerce ◽  
French Authority

The Conference of Financial Experts held at Brussels in September,1920, recommended to the League of Nations as part of its scheme of financial rehabilitation “ that the activities of the League might usefully be directed towards promoting certain reforms,” the first of which was that progress should be made toward the unification of the laws of the various countries relating to bills of exchange and bills of lading. The International Chamber of Commerce and other trade bodies have likewise strongly supported a resumption of initiative in this direction, which was interrupted by the war. As a result, the Economic Committee of the League of Nations, acting in cooperation with the Government of the Netherlands,and with the approval of the Council and the Assembly, appointed four legal experts to report their opinions upon the attitude now prevailing in the various countries of the world toward the work of the two Hague Conferences on Negotiable Instruments and also as to whether further action toward unification was likely to meet with practical success. The following highly qualified experts were charged with the task: Sir Mackenzie Chalmers, well known as the author of the English Bills of Exchange Act of 1882; the late Professor David Josephus Jitta, formerly Councillor of State of the Netherlands; Professor Franz Klein, of Austria, and Professor Lyon-Caen, the well-known French authority on commercial law.

scholarly journals Mapping Indonesian Muslim Diaspora in the Netherlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Fachri Aidulsyah ◽  
Gusnelly Gusnelly
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Historical Trajectory

Since few years ago, Indonesian government has been concerning to gain many benefits from Indonesian diaspora in various regions in the world. There are many events and agendas provided by the government which are aimed to embrace many Indonesian diaspora for giving a great contribution towards their homelands. However, its vision for gaining attention from Indonesian diaspora tends to low because the government do not have Indonesian diaspora maps in details, comprehensive, as well as described by historical trajectory. This paper aims to understand the contribution of Indonesian Muslim diaspora by mapping the role of Indonesian Muslim Organizations in the Netherlands by socio-historical perspectives. The main reasons of the Netherlands as locus of this research are; Indonesian Muslim diaspora are the first actors who promoted Islam faces in this country since 1920s and it also was acknowledged as one of the highest Muslim populated countries in Europe. Afterwards, this paper shows that there are numerous Indonesian Muslim organizations in the Netherlands from different perspectives, mazhabs, and backgrounds. Even though the government did not pillarize Indonesian Muslim organizations, albeit most of them have strong connections with some Muslim organizations in Indonesia, starting from Nahdhatul Ulama (NU) until Salafist Movement.

Melting Ice Rivers

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Colopy
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Mount Everest ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

From a remote outpost of global warming, a summons crackles over a two-way radio several times a week: . . . Kathmandu, Tsho Rolpa! Babar Mahal, Tsho Rolpa! Kathmandu, Tsho Rolpa! Babar Mahal, Tsho Rolpa! . . . In a little brick building on the lip of a frigid gray lake fifteen thousand feet above sea level, Ram Bahadur Khadka tries to rouse someone at Nepal’s Department of Hydrology and Meteorology in the Babar Mahal district of Kathmandu far below. When he finally succeeds and a voice crackles back to him, he reads off a series of measurements: lake levels, amounts of precipitation. A father and a farmer, Ram Bahadur is up here at this frigid outpost because the world is getting warmer. He and two colleagues rotate duty; usually two of them live here at any given time, in unkempt bachelor quarters near the roof of the world. Mount Everest is three valleys to the east, only about twenty miles as the crow flies. The Tibetan plateau is just over the mountains to the north. The men stay for four months at a stretch before walking down several days to reach a road and board a bus to go home and visit their families. For the past six years each has received five thousand rupees per month from the government—about $70—for his labors. The cold, murky lake some fifty yards away from the post used to be solid ice. Called Tsho Rolpa, it’s at the bottom of the Trakarding Glacier on the border between Tibet and Nepal. The Trakarding has been receding since at least 1960, leaving the lake at its foot. It’s retreating about 200 feet each year. Tsho Rolpa was once just a pond atop the glacier. Now it’s half a kilometer wide and three and a half kilometers long; upward of a hundred million cubic meters of icy water are trapped behind a heap of rock the glacier deposited as it flowed down and then retreated. The Netherlands helped Nepal carve out a trench through that heap of rock to allow some of the lake’s water to drain into the Rolwaling River.

Transplant Policy in the Netherlands

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank de Charro ◽  
H. David Banta
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Societal Problems

The Netherlands is a small country of about 15 million inhabitants. With 400 inhabitants per square kilometer, it is one of the most densely populated areas of the world (19). Here, government is not seen as negative, but as a tool to solve societal problems. Ordinarily, the public and private sectors work cooperatively together, but the government will step in when needed. (19, 20).

Electoral Systems in Context

2017 ◽  
pp. 556-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristof Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Party System ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Electoral Reform ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Government Formation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

The Netherlands has one of the most proportional electoral systems in the world. This chapter details the origins, functioning, and effects of the Dutch electoral system. After providing the historical background of the electoral system, the chapter discusses the allocation of seats both to parties and to candidates and gives practical examples. Afterward, the chapter outlines the effects of the electoral system on the party system, the parties themselves, the composition of the parliament, and the government formation. Lastly, the chapter covers historical and more recent electoral reform debates. It turns out that in the Netherlands, electoral reform is a Sisyphean task: because of the low electoral threshold, electoral reform is always on the table, but given the broad coalitions and rigid constitution, reform attempts typically fail, and the reform discussions have to start all over again.

scholarly journals STARTUP COMPANIES, CHALLENGES IN POLAND

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1621-1626
Author(s):  
Justyna Konsek-Ciechońska
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Development Fund ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

130,000 enterprises are created every day all around the world, some of them are startups, of which nine out of ten are liquidated, 60% in the second year of operation211. The aim of the article is to present the essence of a startup-type enterprise as the subject most often associated with new technologies and characterized by higher risk than traditional enterprises, but also a higher chance for above-average development and profits.Research on startups is of great importance. Many of these enterprises end their operation at a very early stage. These enterprises fail because, among other things, they have problems with raising capital, maintaining reputation, securing supplies, they are subject to limitations related to premises and high labor costs. However, many startups that survive and develop their businesses transform into successful enterprises that have an important role in the economy, an example may be Google, Apple or Microsoft. Therefore, this article attempts to define start-up enterprises operating in Poland and to recognize the challenges they must face.Only five years ago in Poland, the business model based on startups was small. Today, their potential was noticed not only by originators and founders of startups, but also by state authorities. In recent years, many measures have been taken in Poland to improve the conditions in the field of innovation at the government level. The Act on Innovation was adopted; the Polish Development Fund implements programs allowing to increase long-term economic and investment potential.In order to show that research on startups is important, four main issues were discussed: start-up enterprises were defined and described, startups' life cycles were explained, startups operating in Poland were presented using descriptive statistics and finally, analysis of problems related to starting and development of startups was made.The research method used in the study is a review of literature, reports and websites as well as descriptive statistics. Startup is a venture that can change the face of the Polish economy so far associated with low labor costs, and which has a chance to turn into an economy competing with companies around the world with innovation and highly qualified human resources.Researchers can develop each of these stages of company development and analyze the challenges faced by the company at each of these stages in different areas. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the development of a comprehensive startup theory.

Part I General Principles, 5 The Harmonization of Commercial Law: Instruments and Institutions

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Institutions ◽  
International Level ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
Chamber Of Commerce ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Legislative Activities ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
International Chamber Of Commerce

This chapter gives an overview of the instruments that are used to harmonise commercial law at an international level as well as of the international institutions that are most active in commercial law harmonisation. It opens with an introduction on the reasons and advantages of harmonisation and on the difference between substantive law and conflicts rule harmonisation. As regards the instruments, it highlights their variety and different nature and effects (ranging from the traditional treaties or conventions to facultative instruments such as model laws, other non-binding rules and principles, guides) and their respective advantages and drawbacks. As to the institutions, it focuses particularly on the mandate and achievements of the three most important global agencies in this field, that is the Hague Conference, UNIDROIT, UNCITRAL, as well as the International Chamber of Commerce, concluding with the issue of coordination of legislative activities at international level.

Origin of the System of Mandates Under the League of Nations

1922 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pitman B. Potter
Keyword(s):  
League Of Nations ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Present System ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government ◽  
Indefinite Future ◽  
Mandate System

The present arrangements for the government of the colonial territories taken from Germany and Turkey in the World War, arrangements which may collectively be described as the system of mandates under the League of Nations, may work well or they may work badly. They may persist into an indefinite future, they may come to an abrupt termination and leave nothing of their own kind in their place, or, most probable of all, they may be progressively modified in one way or another with the passage of time and changes of circumstances. But, whatever happens hereafter, the present system is now an accomplished fact, and will necessarily be taken as the basis for any action in the future. The apparent inclination of at least one great power to insist upon all its rights in former German and Turkish territories now under mandate to other powers, and the firmness of the latter in defending their position under the mandate system, indicate, further, that the present system has already created rights, interests, and claims on one side and another which will call for constant consideration and regulation as time goes on.

On retroeconomy

2017 ◽  
pp. 148-159
Author(s):  
V. Papava
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
International Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

This paper analyzes the problem of technological backwardness of economy. In many mostly developing countries their economies use obsolete technologies. This can create the illusion that this or that business is prosperous. At the level of international competition, however, it is obvious that these types of firms do not have any chance for success. Retroeconomics as a theory of technological backwardness and its detrimental effect upon a country’s economy is considered in the paper. The role of the government is very important for overcoming the effects of retroeconomy. The phenomenon of retroeconomy is already quite deep-rooted throughout the world and it is essential to consolidate the attention of economists and politicians on this threat.

Persekitaran Stesen Kerja dan Niat Untuk Berhenti

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafir Mohd Makhbul ◽  
Fazilah Mohamad Hasun
Keyword(s):  
Chamber Of Commerce ◽  
International Chamber Of Commerce

Penyelidikan ini bertujuan memberikan bukti empirikal tentang perhubungan antara faktor persekitaran stesen kerja dengan niat untuk berhenti. Sampel seramai 500 operator pengeluaran telah dipilih daripada sebelas organisasi perkilangan elektronik yang berdaftar dengan Malaysian International Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MICCI) dengan menggunakan kaedah persampelan rawak berstrata berkadaran. Kaedah soal selidik digunakan dalam proses pengumpulan data kajian ini. Analisis regresi linear berbilang menunjukkan 59.1 peratus perubahan dalam niat untuk berhenti disebabkan oleh hubungannya dengan persekitaran stesen kerja. Analisis regresi linear berbilang secara terperinci menunjukkan hanya faktor reka bentuk ruang kerja dan tempoh masa bekerja sahaja yang signifi kan dengan niat untuk berhenti (p<0.01). Faktor pengudaraan, sistem bunyi dan pencahayaan tidak signifi kan dengan niat untuk berhenti. Penemuan kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa faktor reka bentuk ruang kerja dan tempoh masa bekerja memainkan peranan penting dalam meminimumkan niat untuk berhenti daripada organisasi. Persekitaran stesen kerja yang selesa boleh meningkatkan tahap daya saing pekerja dan menjamin modal insan yang cekap dan berkesan.   Kata kunci: Stesen kerja, ergonomik, stres, niat untuk berhenti, perkilangan.  

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