The Neutrality of Honduras and the Question of the Gulf of Fonseca

1916 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Rodríguez González
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Central American ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The Future

The members of the Central American Peace Conference, held at Washington in 1907, primarily intent upon devising all possible ways and means of maintaining permanent peace in the Isthmus, sought to introduce into the treaties which resulted from the Conference not only those means and recourses which experience had shown would preserve good understanding and harmony among the five states, but, more particularly, they endeavored to find new methods which would strengthen the desideratum of the Conference by eliminating the causes of civil or interstate wars which might in the future occur in the Central American countries.Naturally, the arsenal to which the Conference had to turn for the new arms to combat the causes of and prevent all war and revolution, could be none other than historical experience and the principles of international law.

Cartographic production in Russia: main stages and trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 963 (9) ◽  
pp. 30-43
Author(s):  
M.Yu. Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Chronological Order ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Current State ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Enterprises ◽  
Further Development

Studying the current state of cartography and ways of further developing the industry, the role of the map in the future of the society, new methods of promoting cartographic products is impossible without a deep scientific analyzing all the paths, events and factors influencing its formation and development throughout all the historic steps of cartographic production in Russia. In the article, the history of cartographic production in Russia is considered together with the development of private, state and military cartography, since, despite some differences, they have a common technical, technological and production basis. The author describes the stages of originating, formation and growth of industrial cartographic production from the beginning of the XVIII century until now. The connection between the change of political formations and technological structures with the mentioned stages of maps and atlases production is considered. Each stage is studied in detail, a step-by-step analysis was carried out, and the characteristics of each stage are described. All the events and facts are given in chronological order, highlighting especially significant moments influencing the evolution of cartographic production. The data on the volumes of printing and sales of atlases and maps by commercial and state enterprises are presented. The main trends and lines of further development of cartographic production in Russia are studied.

scholarly journals Alternatives to and Reduction of Animal Use in Biomedical Research, Education and Testing

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
John M. Frazier ◽  
Alan M. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Research Education ◽  
New Methods ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The Future ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Do So

Biomedical endeavours can be divided into three major categories: research, education, and testing. Within the context of each of these categories, activities involving whole animals have made major contributions and will continue to do so in the future. However, with technological developments in the areas of biotechnology and computers, new methods are already reducing the use of whole animals in certain areas. This article discusses the general issues of alternatives and then focuses on the development of new approaches to toxicity testing.

Feminism, Modern Philosophy and the Future of Legitimacy of International Constitutionalism

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-245
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Yahyaoui Krivenko
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
The Future ◽  
Migrants Rights ◽  
To Come ◽  
International Constitutionalism

AbstractInternational constitutionalism relates to processes of limiting traditionally unrestricted powers of states as ultimate subjects, law-makers and law-enforcers of international law. Human rights occupy a central, but very confusing and confused role in the theorisation of international constitutionalism. If feminist scholars have criticised the inadequacies, shortcomings and gaps of international law of human rights at least since 1991, the doctrine of international law theorising constitutionalisation of international law until now has remained blind to these critiques idealising human rights and often using them as the ultimate legitimating factor. Thus, legitimacy and legality become confused and the distinction between them blurred in the doctrine of international constitutionalism. This in turn creates a danger of failure of the constitutionalists project itself, as it will serve to reinforce existing inadequacies and gaps in human rights protection. To illustrate this argument, I discuss some examples related to the protection of women's and migrants' rights. In order to avoid this dangerous development, I argue that international lawyers theorising international constitutionalism shall adopt an adequate, inclusive notion of legitimacy. In order to develop this adequate understanding of legitimacy, they should first take seriously feminist and other critiques of international human rights law and international law more generally. In the final parts of this article I develop my own more detailed proposals on the future of legitimacy and international constitutionalism. In doing so, I draw on the 'self-correcting learning process' developed in the writings of Jürgen Habermas, 'democracy to come' and more general views on the nature of sovereignty and human rights expressed by Jacques Derrida, as well as Levinasian 'responsibility-to-and-for-the-Other'.

Climate Displacement and the Legal Gymnastics of Justice: Is It All Political?

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-312
Author(s):  
Andrea C. Simonelli
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Refugee Convention ◽  
Legal Remedy ◽  
The Future ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
International Instruments

AbstractThe future for people becoming displaced due to climate processes is still unknown. The effects of climate change are more apparent every day, and those most acutely impacted are still unable to access an appropriate legal remedy for their woes. Two new books evaluate the limits to international legal protections and the application of justice. Climate Change, Disasters, and the Refugee Convention, by Matthew Scott, investigates the assumptions underpinning the dichotomy between refugees and those facing adversity due to climate-induced disasters. Climate Change and People on the Move: International Law and Justice, by Fanny Thornton, goes further by examining how justice is used—and curtailed—by international instruments of protection. Thornton's legal analysis is thorough and thoughtful, but also demonstrative of the limitations of justice when confined by historical precedent and political indifference. With so little still being done to hold industries to account, is it any surprise that the legal system is not yet ready to protect those harmed by carbon pollution? Demanding justice for climate displacees is an indictment of modern Western economics and development; it implicates entire national lifestyles and the institutions and people that support them.

La "green economy" e la realizzazione dei diritti dell'uomo alla base dello sviluppo sostenibile

2012 ◽  
pp. 587-607
Author(s):  
Pia Acconci
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
International Law ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
The Future

This article focuses on the relevance of the ‘green economy' for the promotion of human rights as the base of sustainable development, in light of major trends in international law. In June of this year, at the end of the UN Conference Rio +20 on Sustainable Development, States adopted a document - "The Future We Want" - which refers to the ‘green economy' as an economic model for the future. "The Future We Want" confirms the tendency towards the increasing involvement of private parties in international economic relations. However, complex policy issues concerning the interaction between economic and non-economic interests/concerns have arisen from current trends towards interdependence, liberalization and privatization. Some issues have brought about international disputes which are difficult to be settled, since the applicable principles and rules to the merits are insufficient and fragmented. As disputes owing to conflicts between economic and non-economic interests/concerns constitute a relevant investment and/or trade risk, all States need to promote the rapid settlement and prevention of such disputes. To this end, States and international organisations might increase the level of integration of non-economic concerns into international agreements concerning economic matters and adopt interpretative guidelines and clarifications of the existing rules.

scholarly journals HDCytoData: Collection of high-dimensional cytometry benchmark datasets in Bioconductor object formats

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas M. Weber ◽  
Charlotte Soneson
Keyword(s):  
Method Development ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Bioconductor Package ◽  
Crucial Step ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The Future ◽  
Benchmark Datasets

Benchmarking is a crucial step during computational analysis and method development. Recently, a number of new methods have been developed for analyzing high-dimensional cytometry data. However, it can be difficult for analysts and developers to find and access well-characterized benchmark datasets. Here, we present HDCytoData, a Bioconductor package providing streamlined access to several publicly available high-dimensional cytometry benchmark datasets. The package is designed to be extensible, allowing new datasets to be contributed by ourselves or other researchers in the future. Currently, the package includes a set of experimental and semi-simulated datasets, which have been used in our previous work to evaluate methods for clustering and differential analyses. Datasets are formatted into standard SummarizedExperiment and flowSet Bioconductor object formats, which include complete metadata within the objects. Access is provided through Bioconductor's ExperimentHub interface. The package is freely available from http://bioconductor.org/packages/HDCytoData.

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