Schooling for Some: Child Labor and School Enrollment of Black and White Children in the Early Twentieth-Century South

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Barnhouse Walters ◽  
David R. James
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

People of Adam: Divine Healing and Racial Cosmopolitanism in the Early Twentieth-Century Transvaal, South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 557-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Cabrita
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Faith Healing ◽  
Divine Healing ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biological Race ◽  
Healing Group

AbstractThis article analyses the intersection between cosmopolitanism and racist ideologies in the faith healing practices of the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion. Originally from Illinois, USA, this organization was the period's most influential divine healing group. Black and white members, under the leadership of the charismatic John Alexander Dowie, eschewed medical assistance and proclaimed God's power to heal physical affliction. In affirming the deity's capacity to remake human bodies, church members also insisted that God could refashion biological race into a capacious spiritual ethnicity: a global human race they referred to as the “Adamic” race. Zionist universalist teachings were adopted by dispossessed and newly urbanized Boer ex-farmers in Johannesburg, Transvaal, before spreading to the soldiers of the British regiments recently arrived to fight the Boer states in the war of 1899–1902. Zionism equipped these estranged white “races” with a vocabulary to articulate political reconciliation and a precarious unity. But divine healing was most enthusiastically received among the Transvaal's rural Africans. Amidst the period's hardening segregation, Africans seized upon divine healing's innovative racial teachings, but both Boers and Africans found disappointment amid Zion's cosmopolitan promises. Boers were marginalized within the new racial regimes of the Edwardian empire in South Africa, and white South Africans had always been ambivalent about divine healing's incorporations of black Africans into a unitary race. This early history of Zionism in the Transvaal reveals the constriction of cosmopolitan aspirations amidst fast-narrowing horizons of race, nation, and empire in early twentieth-century South Africa.

Segregation and Homeownership in the Early Twentieth Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 410-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevon D. Logan ◽  
John M. Parman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Gi Bill ◽  
County Level ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Rural Counties ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Impact

We use new county-level segregation estimates for the period of 1880 to 1940 to document a general rise in residential segregation in both urban and rural counties occurring alongside rising homeownership rates. However, we find a negative correlation between segregation and homeownership across space for both black and white households. Following Fetter (2013), we show that living in a more segregated county substantially reduced the impact of GI Bill benefits on white homeownership rates, suggesting that segregated locations potentially hindered both white and black homeownership.

scholarly journals Minimal Departures: Narratives of Younger Female Mobility in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Italian Children’s Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-138
Author(s):  
Rita Caviglioli
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Children's Literature ◽  
World War I ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
National Development ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Exploitation ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Mobility narratives in late nineteenth- and early twentieth- century Italian literature for children reflect the dramatic conditions of vagrancy, abandonment and forced relocation, as well as the situation of child-labor exploitation and child trade through apprenticeship contracts. They also document experiences of mass emigration. In my essay I intend to: i) acknowledge that children’s conditions have been the object of an extensive multi-disciplinary debate in the 1800s and early 1900s; ii) briefly discuss the specifics of Italian children’s literature and the representation of young male mobility; iii) identify some recurring narrative patterns of female (im)mobility; iv) point to three specific narrative plots that relate the mobility of younger female characters to national-identity and national-development issues; v) analyze two of these narratives, Maria Messina’s Cenerella and Olga Visentini’s La zingarella e la principessina, which were written during or in the aftermath of World War I.

scholarly journals Images of an illness : a case study of Albert R. Stone's tuberculosis photographs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasha Lin Caswell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tuberculosis Treatment ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Made In

This master's thesis is a case study of sixteen black-and-white photographs of tuberculosis treatment facilities in Rochester, N.Y., by local photographer Albert R. Stone. They appeared in the Rochester Herald in as two photo essays, one in 1909 and the other in 1923. The aim of my research was to provide contextual information about Albert Stone and the Rochester Herald, tuberculosis and its treatment, and how the disease was portrayed photographically, and ultimately, to determine whether Stone's photographs were typical of tuberculosis-related images. I examined them in the context of other sanatorium images and based on statements about the conventions of sanatorium photographs made by Daniel M. Fox and Christopher Lawrence in Photographing Medicine: Images and Power in Britain and America Since 1840, and concluded that they were representative of photographs of sanatoriums made in the early twentieth century.

scholarly journals Images of an illness : a case study of Albert R. Stone's tuberculosis photographs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasha Lin Caswell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tuberculosis Treatment ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Made In

This master's thesis is a case study of sixteen black-and-white photographs of tuberculosis treatment facilities in Rochester, N.Y., by local photographer Albert R. Stone. They appeared in the Rochester Herald in as two photo essays, one in 1909 and the other in 1923. The aim of my research was to provide contextual information about Albert Stone and the Rochester Herald, tuberculosis and its treatment, and how the disease was portrayed photographically, and ultimately, to determine whether Stone's photographs were typical of tuberculosis-related images. I examined them in the context of other sanatorium images and based on statements about the conventions of sanatorium photographs made by Daniel M. Fox and Christopher Lawrence in Photographing Medicine: Images and Power in Britain and America Since 1840, and concluded that they were representative of photographs of sanatoriums made in the early twentieth century.

scholarly journals The Sunshine State In Color : The Autochromes Of Charles Zoller

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selina Lamberti
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
The State ◽  
Color Images ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Upstate New York ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Popular Images

Charles C. Zoller (1856-1934) was prolific photographer and native of Rochester, New York. His archive is held at George Eastman International Museum of Photography and Film and consist of over 8,000 photographic objects, just under 4,000 of which are autochrome plates. This thesis focuses on the approximately 317 Zoller autoochromes of Florida that make up a small fraction of the fonds This thesis furthermore considers the visual representatin of Florida in color in the early twentieth century and compares tropes in this imagery to Zoller's representation of the Sunshine State. Traveling and photographing extensively in North America and Europe, Zoller produced both color images with Lunière Autochrome plates and black-and-white images with various photographic products. Upon return to Upstate New york, Zoller gave lectures on a variety of topics, illustrating these lectures with projected autochromes and lantern slides. Since there are few know autochromes of Florida, Zoller's series are some of the earliest examples of color photographs of the state. While Zoller's images are often predictable representations of Florida, they nevertheless provide a window into how Florida was presented in the early part of the last century. This thesis compares Zoller's autochromes to other popular images of Florida in that time.

The Road to Armageddon

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-42
Author(s):  
John W. Compton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Leaders ◽  
The Road ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Dynamic

This chapter examines the social and theological underpinnings of the large Protestant membership groups that helped build support for major Progressive Era reforms, including child labor restrictions, maternal health programs, and prohibition. It argues that the three factors were particularly important in motivating progressive religious activism in the early twentieth century. The first was the revival of a strand of Protestant social thought that stretched back to the Puritans—a prophetic tradition built on the interconnected ideas of stewardship, providential duty, and collective accountability for sin. The second was the sect dynamic observed by the sociologist Max Weber during his early twentieth-century visit to the United States—a social dynamic that incentivized upwardly mobile citizens to seek membership in Protestant churches and membership groups while also endowing church and group leaders with considerable influence over the beliefs and behaviors of their members. The third was the rise of an ecumenical infrastructure that promoted cooperation between elite reformers and average citizens, and also between believers of different social and denominational backgrounds.

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