The Socioeconomic Achievement of White Religio-Ethnic Subgroups: Social and Psychological Explanations

1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Featherman
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Achievement ◽  
Ethnic Subgroups

Disparities in the Enrollment and Timing of Special Education for Asian American and Pacific Islander Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
North Cooc
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Students Of Color ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Background Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
Student Background ◽  
Ethnic Subgroups

School districts in the United States are required to monitor the overrepresentation of students of color in special education, yet recent studies have challenged these trends and suggest students of color may be underrepresented for services guaranteed under federal law. Missing in many of these discussions on disproportionality are the needs of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs), a group consistently underrepresented in special education. Previous studies, however, do not examine the vast heterogeneity in experiences among AAPIs and how special education trends may differ across AAPI ethnic subgroups. Using longitudinal data on 10 cohorts of 42,807 total kindergartners from a school district over a 10-year period, this study probes deeper into underrepresentation by disaggregating participation trends and the timing of services for 11 AAPI ethnic subgroups. Results indicate that most AAPI student groups are underrepresented in special education and first receive services later than White peers. These patterns remain even after accounting for student background, level of acculturation, and school fixed effects.

Are Americans less likely to reply to emails from Black people relative to White people?

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (52) ◽  
pp. e2110347118
Author(s):  
Ray Block ◽  
Charles Crabtree ◽  
John B. Holbein ◽  
J. Quin Monson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Black People ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
The United States ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
The Public ◽  
Medical Sector ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Ethnic Subgroups

In this article, we present the results from a large-scale field experiment designed to measure racial discrimination among the American public. We conducted an audit study on the general public—sending correspondence to 250,000 citizens randomly drawn from public voter registration lists. Our within-subjects experimental design tested the public’s responsiveness to electronically delivered requests to volunteer their time to help with completing a simple task—taking a survey. We randomized whether the request came from either an ostensibly Black or an ostensibly White sender. We provide evidence that in electronic interactions, on average, the public is less likely to respond to emails from people they believe to be Black (rather than White). Our results give us a snapshot of a subtle form of racial bias that is systemic in the United States. What we term everyday or “paper cut” discrimination is exhibited by all racial/ethnic subgroups—outside of Black people themselves—and is present in all geographic regions in the United States. We benchmark paper cut discrimination among the public to estimates of discrimination among various groups of social elites. We show that discrimination among the public occurs more frequently than discrimination observed among elected officials and discrimination in higher education and the medical sector but simultaneously, less frequently than discrimination in housing and employment contexts. Our results provide a window into the discrimination that Black people in the United States face in day-to-day interactions with their fellow citizens.

scholarly journals Longitudinal changes in age and race of patients with SARS-CoV-2 in a multi-hospital health system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian J. Barbash ◽  
Lee H. Harrison ◽  
Jana L. Jacobs ◽  
Faraaz Ali Shah ◽  
Tomeka L. Suber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electronic Health Record Data ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Ethnic Subgroups ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Alpha Variant ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect the United States and the world. Media reports have suggested that the wave of the alpha variant in the Spring of 2021 in the US caused more cases among younger patients and racial and ethnic subgroups.ApproachWe analyzed electronic health record data from a multihospital health system to test whether younger patients accounted for more cases and more severe disease, and whether racial disparities are widening. We compared demographics, patient characteristics, and hospitalization variables for patients admitted from November 2020 through January 2021 to those admitted in March and April 2021.ResultsWe analyzed data for 37, 502 unique inpatients and outpatients at 21 hospitals from November 1, 2020 to April 30, 2021. Compared to patients from November through January, those with positive tests in March and April were younger and less likely to die. Among patients under age 50, those with positive tests in March and April were three times as likely to be hospitalized and twice as likely to require ICU admission or mechanical ventilation. Individuals identified as Black represented a greater proportion of cases and hospitalizations in March and April as compared to November through January.ConclusionsWe found that relative COVID-19 hospitalization rates for younger individuals and individuals identified as Black were rising over time. These findings have important implications for ongoing public health measures to mitigate the impact of the pandemic.

Abstract P074: Substituting Homemade Fruit Juice for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages is Associated with Lower Odds of Metabolic Syndrome among Hispanic Adults

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiemer Mattei ◽  
Vasanti Malik ◽  
Frank B Hu ◽  
Hannia Campos
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Ethnic Subgroups

Introduction: Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) has been consistently associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), while results on the role of fruit juice intake are conflicting. Hispanics consume both SSB and traditional fruit-based beverages; however, studies conducted on such ethnic group are scarce. Given the high prevalence of MetS among Hispanics, describing putative contributors to this condition is essential in proposing approaches that may successfully reduce its prevalence and avoid further complications. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that substituting fruit-based beverages traditionally consumed by Hispanics for SSB may be associated with lower odds of MetS. Methods: To determine the cross-sectional association between beverages consumed by Hispanics, and MetS and its components, data were analyzed in 1,872 Costa Rican adults who served as controls of a population-based case-control study of coronary heart disease. Multivariate adjusted means were calculated for components of MetS by servings (never, <1/week, 2–6/week, ≥1/day) of two traditional fruit-based beverages (‘fresco’ and homemade fruit juice, separately) and two SSB (instant drinks and regular sodas, separately and combined). Prevalence ratio (PR) of MetS was calculated for each beverage, and odds ratio (OR) was calculated by substituting one serving of homemade fruit juice or water for one of SSB. Results: Significant positive trends were observed for increasing servings of instant drinks and combined SSB with plasma triglyceride and waist circumference, and for regular soda with waist circumference (all P -trend<0.001). Increasing servings of homemade fruit juice were associated positively with HDL-C ( P -trend=0.033). Consuming ≥1 serving/day of instant drinks was associated with higher PR of MetS (1.42, 95%CI: 1.11, 1.83) compared to no consumption; similar results were obtained for combined SSB. Substituting one serving of homemade fruit juice for instant drink was associated with 29% (95% CI=7, 47%) lower odds of MetS, and for regular soda with 30% (1, 50%) lower odds. Substituting water for combined SSB was marginally significant (OR=0.86 (0.74, 1.00). Conclusion: In conclusion, reducing consumption of SSB and substituting them with homemade fruit juices in moderation, may be a culturally-appropriate approach to lower metabolic syndrome among Hispanics. Our study provides the groundwork for interventions on beverage intake that aim to prevent MetS and type 2 diabetes in Hispanic ethnic subgroups, and may support current public health efforts on limiting availability and intake of SSB, while substituting with a healthy beverage.

Abstract P035: Predictors of Diabetes Screening in an Ambulatory Clinical Population

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukyung Chung ◽  
Eric C Wong ◽  
Kristen M Azar ◽  
Beinan Zhao ◽  
Diane Lauderdale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Asian Indian ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Clinical Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Diabetes Screening ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Clinical Risk ◽  
Ethnic Subgroups ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Introduction Early screening for diabetes is the most cost effective way to prevent complications. Diabetes screening rates in a clinical population are unknown. There are well-known racial/ethnic differences in diabetes prevalence, with some Asian Americans racial/ethnic subgroups (e.g. Asian Indian and Filipino) having higher rates than Non Hispanic White (NHW) populations, and this may result in higher rates of diabetes screening for Asian Americans. Hypothesis We hypothesized that, after taking into account other risks factors suggested by national guidelines, Asian Americans may have higher preventive screening rates, given known higher risk for diabetes. Methods We used the electronic health records data from a large multi-specialty, mixed-payer, outpatient, group- practice organization in Northern California, to examine an observational prospective dataset during 1/1/2007-09/30/2010. Active primary care patients who were 35 years or older, not pregnant, identified as Asian (Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) or non-Hispanic white (NHW), and were free from diabetes at baseline were included (N=110,477). Screening was defined as fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, or HgBA1C. Racial/ethnic differences in screening rates were initially examined with age-sex standardization. We then estimated a Cox proportional hazard model, which adjusted for diabetes clinical risk factors (including age, sex, BMI, high blood pressure, high LDL, low HDL), family history of diabetes, insurance coverage, and frequency of primary care visits. Results Standardized preventive screening rates were higher for all Asian racial/ethnic subgroups (ranging from 82.2%: Japanese to 88.7%: Filipino) than NHW (78.6%)( P<0.05 ). The results were consistent in the fully adjusted Cox model where all the Asian racial/ethnic subgroups, except for Japanese (not significant), were more likely to be screened than NHWs (HR=Asian Indian: 1.29, Chinese: 1.20, Filipino: 1.22, Korean: 1.13, Vietnamese: 1.24; all P<0.01 ). Most clinical risk factors were significant positive predictors of screening, including age, female, high blood pressure, high LDL, low HDL, and family history of diabetes(all P<0.01 ). Conclusions Screening rates for diabetes in an insured, ambulatory care population is generally high (∼80%). Clinical risk factors and Asian race/ethnicity are predictors of appropriate diabetes screening.

Abstract P470: Heterogeneity In Prevalence Of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Hispanic Ethnic Groups: Evidence From The 2010-2018 National Health Interview Survey

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Elias ◽  
Ruth-alma N Turkson-ocran ◽  
Binu Koirala ◽  
Samuel Byiringiro ◽  
Hailey Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Hispanic Adults ◽  
Ethnic Subgroups

Introduction: Persons of Hispanic origin are a growing share of the U.S. population but include diverse ethnic groups with unique cultures, lifestyles, exposures, and countries of origin. Hispanics are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in comparison to non-Hispanics. However, few studies have examined the heterogeneity in their burden of CVD risk. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that there would be significant heterogeneity in the prevalence of CVD risk factors among ethnic subgroups of Hispanic adults. Methods: We used a cross-sectional design to examine the prevalence of CVD risk factors, defined per national guidelines, among Hispanic adults in the 2010-2018 National Health Interview Surveys. Generalized linear models using Poisson distribution were fitted to obtain adjusted predicted probabilities and risk of self-reported hypertension, overweight/obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, and current smoking by Hispanic ethnic subgroup. Results: We included 185,511 participants with mean(±sd) age 31(0.2) years and 50% male. Most were Mexican (65.1%) whereas, few were Dominican (3.0%). Prevalence of hypertension (28.4%), diabetes (12.9%), high cholesterol (25.0%), and current smoking (6.1%) was highest among Puerto Ricans. Prevalence of overweight/obesity was highest among Mexicans (74.5%) and physical inactivity was highest among Dominicans (62.3%). Compared to Mexicans, Central Americans were less likely to smoke and have hypertension, overweight/obesity, and diabetes (ps<0.05). ( Table ) Conclusion: We observed striking heterogeneity in the prevalence of CVD risk factors across Hispanic ethnic subgroups, especially for diabetes, physical inactivity, and smoking. These results suggest that aggregating data on Hispanics may mask differences in CVD risk and hinder efforts to reduce health disparities in this population. Our findings provide actionable information on CVD risk factors for specific Hispanic ethnic subgroups.

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