Hijackers, Bombers, and Bank Robbers: Managerial Style in the Japanese Red Army

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 724-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Steinhoff
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Student Group ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Managerial Style ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Red Army ◽  
New Perspective

A tiny, radical student group seems at first glance to be an unlikely vantage point from which to evaluate continuity and change in the social organization of Japan. Yet social scientists often study extremes and misfits in order to gain new perspective on the conventional and normative. Whatever the people on the margin share unquestioningly with the rest of the society hints at the breadth and power of social norms; whatever they question, or have trouble doing, points to the inevitable cracks in the social order. Moreover, when a society seems to emphasize harmony and order, it is particularly important to examine the points and processes of conflict. Points of conflict are the harbingers of social change, and processes for managing conflict reveal the price that is paid for order.

scholarly journals Reaksi Sultan dan Masyarakatnya terhadap Pendudukan Militer Jepang di Bima

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yusuf Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Impact

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan latar belakang Jepang di Bima dan reaksi Sultan dan masyarakat Bima terhadap kedatangan Jepang serta dampaknya terhadap masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan ilmu sejarah, sehingga tahap penelitian yang dilakukan adalah (1) Heuristik atau pengumpulan data, (2) Kritik (3) Interprtasi dan (4) Historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahwa Berdasarkan  pada pembagian wilayah kontrol pendudukan Jepang di Bima bahwa kawasan Indonesia bagian timur berada di bawah kontrol Armada (Angkatan) Laut yang berpusat di Makassar. Setelah menduduki Sulawesi Selatan pada tanggal 9 Februari 1942, Jepang terus melakukan gerak invasinya ke Nusa Tenggara, antara lain Kupang di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) serta Bima di Kepulauan Sumbawa. Armada Laut Jepang dibawah pimpinan Kolonel Saito mendarat di Pelabuhan Bima pada tanggal 17 Juli 1942. Kedatangannya di sambut baik oleh penduduk setempat, sekalipun mereka (masyarakat Bima) di selimuti rasa khawatir atas rencana Asisten Residen Belanda, H.E. Haak untuk kembali berkuasa di Bima, karena itu dengan mudah Jepang menduduki Bima. Dampak keberadaan Jepang di Bima dibidang sosial diantaranya terjadi keresahan sosial dan porak-porandanya tata kehidupan sosial masyarakat. Agama dan adat yang selama ini dijunjung tinggi oleh masyarakat “terpaksa” harus dilanggar. Sementara dampak dibidang Ekonomi, berupa keterpurukkan Ekomomi, sebab masyarakat tidak lagi mencurahkan perhatian sepenuhnya untuk mengolah lahan pertaniannya. Penderitaan masyarakat berakhir setelah Jepang kalah dan menyerah tanpa syarat kepada sekutu pada bulan Agustus 1945. Sejak itu, pemerintahan pendudukan Jepang berakhir di Bima khususnya dan Indonesia pada umumnya. Kata Kunci: Pendudukan, Japang di BimaAbstractThis study aims to describe the background of Japan in Bima and the reaction of the Sultan and the people of Bima to the arrival of Japan and its impact on society. This study uses a historical science approach, so the stages of research carried out are (1) Heuristics or data collection, (2) Criticism (3) Interpretation and (4) Historiography. The results showed that based on the division of the Japanese occupation control area in Bima that the eastern part of Indonesia was under the control of the Naval Fleet (Force) based in Makassar. After occupying South Sulawesi on February 9, 1942, Japan continued to make its invasion moves to Nusa Tenggara, including Kupang in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) and Bima in the Sumbawa Islands. The Japanese Sea Fleet under the leadership of Colonel Saito landed at the Port of Bima on July 17, 1942. His arrival was welcomed by local residents, even though they (the Bima people) were shrouded in worry over the plan of the Assistant Resident of the Netherlands, H.E. Haak to return to power in Bima, because it easily Japan occupied Bima. The impact of the existence of Japan in Bima in the social field included social unrest and ruins of the social order of the community. Religion and customs that have been upheld by the community are "forced" to be violated. While the impact on the economy, in the form of deterioration in the economy, is because the community no longer pays full attention to cultivate its agricultural land. The suffering of the people ended after Japan's defeat and surrender unconditionally to the allies in August 1945. Since then, the Japanese occupation government ended in Bima in particular and Indonesia in general. Keywords: Occupation, Japanese in Bima

We Are Not Free to Choose: Class Determinism in Zadie Smith’s NW

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Racial Oppression ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Zadie Smith ◽  
Divide And Rule ◽  
New Perspective

AbstractNW by Zadie Smith opens with a multicultural and multiracial scene and revolves around the crises in the lives of four people with longstanding connection to Northwest London. The Northwest London in NW is a besieged city, and the people therein could not see any possibility of getting out because the gate has been latched with the concept of social class. In NW, the social class is materialized as space, economic position and race. Geographically NW features the main areas of London, and considers the role of that city in shaping the consciousness of the major characters, a partly spatial configuring of identity. In addition, the major characters in NW also suffer from occupational exclusion and economic exploitation, which then lead to their lower-class position since social class is constructed in such a way that agents are distributed according to their positions in the statistical distribution based on the economic and cultural capital. Finally the racial discrimination encountered by the characters in NW shows that class relations shape the form that racial oppression takes. The racialization of class issues becomes a politically effective tool for the wealthy to divide and rule the lower classes. In NW, Smith thus has adopted a more political attitude than in her previous books, so the relatively new perspective of her fiction might be the attention she draws to the persistent obstacles to class crossing and the acknowledgment of the rigid lines that still define the social classes.

scholarly journals What Do ‘We’ Know That ‘They’ Don’t? Sociologists’ versus Non-Sociologists’ Knowledge

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Mesny
Keyword(s):  
Social World ◽  
Public Sociology ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Embedded Knowledge ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Critical Policy ◽  
The Relationship

This paper attempts to clarify or to reposition some of the controversies generated by Burawoy’s defense of public sociology and by his vision of the mutually stimulating relationship between the different forms of sociology. Before arguing if, why, and how, sociology should or could be more ‘public’, it might be useful to reflect upon what it is we think we, as sociologists, know that ‘lay people’ do not. This paper thus explores the public sociology debate’s epistemological core, namely the issue of the relationship between sociologists’ and non-sociologists’ knowledge of the social world. Four positions regarding the status of sociologists’ knowledge versus lay people’s knowledge are explored: superiority (sociologists’ knowledge of the social world is more accurate, objective and reflexive than lay people’s knowledge, thanks to science’s methods and norms), homology (when they are made explicit, lay theories about the social world often parallel social scientists’ theories), complementarity (lay people’s and social scientists’ knowledge complement one another. The former’s local, embedded knowledge is essential to the latter’s general, disembedded knowledge), and circularity (sociologists’ knowledge continuously infuses commonsensical knowledge, and scientific knowledge about the social world is itself rooted in common sense knowledge. Each form of knowledge feeds the other). For each of these positions, implications are drawn regarding the terms, possibilities and conditions of a dialogue between sociologists and their publics, especially if we are to take the circularity thesis seriously. Conclusions point to the accountability we face towards the people we study, and to the idea that sociology is always performative, a point that has, to some extent, been obscured by Burawoy’s distinctions between professional, critical, policy and public sociologies.

Structural Sources of Organization Man Ideology

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Leonard ◽  
Reta Artz
Keyword(s):  
Business Management ◽  
Business Administration ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Team Player ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
The Devil

In his widely read book, The Organization Man, W. H. Whyte, Jr., identifies what he believes is a drift in American ideology away from the "Protestant Ethic" toward the "Social Ethic." As a part of this trend, he sees a major shift in business management ideology. This is a shift away from preference for hiring the rough-and-ready individualist, toward the conformist organization man. The old individualist philosophy was most concerned with getting the job done, and the devil with the people in the way. The new philosophy favors the team player who is skilled in handling people and in keeping the organization going without rocking the boat. Whyte saw this shift appearing in junior executives and trainees for executive positions and predicted its increase. At the forefront of this trend, and promoting it, were the Business Administration schools and the personnel departments of the business organizations. Although Whyte's basis for this theory was largely impressionistic and literary, he did include data from a survey of corporation personnel managers. Whyte's "organization man" concept has received some attention from social scientists, but little empirical evidence has been offered. Our purpose here is to reexamine Whyte's hypotheses with data from a replication, of his original survey of personnel managers.

Three Functions of Hell in the Hindu Traditions

Numen ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 385-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Function ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Function

In this article are analysed three functions of hell in the Hindu traditions, a narrative, a social and an economic. Because of the strong images the narratives of hell contain, they are excellent means to catch the attention of the audience. The social function of hell is to protect the social order, the security of the people and especially to protect the privileges of those on top of the hierarchy. Since gifts to the priests are matched with specific punishments in hell that they release from, one economic function of hell seems to be as a source of income for the priests. However, it is argued that even though hell is both a textual and ritual reality in the Hindu traditions, its significance should not be exaggerated. Death is not the end of life, but the end of one rebirth, and release, moksa , is not about escaping a destiny in hell, but to gain freedom from the rebirth realms.

scholarly journals COMMUNITY OF CHILDREN INMATES AND ASSISTANCE SYSTEM IN THE PENITENTIARY: The Impact of Child Social System to the Assistance Process at Kutoarjo Children Penitentiary

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Indah Sri Utari
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The community of inmates children as a unique and unique social system is difficult to understand when viewed only from the outside, so it is necessary to systematically attempt to know the values, norms, relationships, and objectives-through where and with what they are living, and understand both their own experiences and the world in which they liveThe situational system of the inmates children as human beings (although in this case is the child) to be fostered, is one of the important elements in the whole process of assistance in the Penitentiary is no exception to the Children Penitentiary in Kutoarjo. The entire penitentiary system design, from the assistance program, the assistance mechanism, and the assistance implementation, is actually determined by the circumstances and the reality of the people who are to be fostered, the inmates.The reality of the children inmates who are always on the "social order" in their various communities is essentially constantly changing. Specifically, this study finds links between: the institutional reality of a children penitentiary, which includes the factual circumstances concerning facilities and infrastructure, and the administrative aspects of KutoarjoChildren Penitentiary. The reality of the member of KutoarjoChildren Penitentiaryin the form of identified number of occupants, placement systems, and formal and informal groupings of the targeted children in addition to the build and formed a community of the assisted children in KutoarjoChildren Penitentiary and the basic elements of the Social System of the Auxiliaries in all the community of assisted children and etc.As Soerjono Sukanto said that even though human "convicts" live in a confined state, they instinctively want to interact with fellow inmates. This instinct is referred to as "gregariousness" (Soekanto: 1998: 73), which in the last instance will give birth to so-called "social groups". In this context created social structure, social system, norms and so on.

scholarly journals Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar’s Views on Social Justice: An Appraisal

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 583-589
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar Bragta
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Indian Constitution ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Opportunities ◽  
Diverse Society

Baba Sahib Bhim Rao Ambedkar views on social justice are the very basis of the Indian Constitution. The social justice means providing equal social opportunities to everyone to develop their personalities, associated with equality and social rights. In every state it becomes important to secure a social order based on justice and creating an equal opportunity available to everyone. Mostly, the people are being treated with discrimination in size, color, caste, religion, race in the society because of they are mostly uneducated and from marginalized sections of the society that creates a social disorder and inequality among them. Hence, the need of the social justice is an inevitable and is the only weapon to prosper the people towards their active participation in the development and mainstream of the society. However, it becomes important to establish an egalitarian social, economic and political order in diverse society like India. It’s in this backdrop the article tries to explore the concept of social justice and Ambedkar view on it. How far Ambedkar’s reflection is visible in Indian Constitution and its relevance in the present times.

JOHN STUART MILL AND THE IRISH LAND QUESTION: AN ILLUSTRATION OF HIS VIEW ON SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Laura Valladão de Mattos
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Suitable Form ◽  
Land Question

John Stuart Mill’s involvement with the Land Question in Ireland is analyzed from the viewpoint of his theory of institutions. I argue that, for Mill, institutions should promote progress without endangering social order. When referring to economic institutions, “progress” meant, essentially, human improvement, a rise in economic productivity, and the increase of social justice. According to Mill, the cottier system did not fulfill any of these requisites and should be abandoned. Mill also rejected transposing to Ireland the “English model” of capitalist agriculture. This institution could eventually solve the economic problem but involved the unjust eviction of tenants and would not regenerate the Irish character. Given the particularities of Ireland, Mill endorsed peasant property as the most suitable form of land appropriation. It would, at the same time, improve the character of the people, enhance productivity, and increase the social justice of the system. It would also mitigate the conflicts that jeopardized social order.

A Return to Innocence? The Social Construction of the Geopolitical Climate of the Post-Invasion Caribbean

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry B. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Theoretical Position ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Conception Of Man

Under what conditions may a social scientist legitimately pass judgment on the geopolitical climate of a region? The question is not easy to answer. First, it presupposes acknowledgement that there are value issues embedded in such judgments. Second, while a value-free attitude may indeed be attempted, such an attitude is difficult to achieve. All too frequently, evaluation of a region's “climate” is based on the values of the evaluator (and often without disclosure of this fact to unsuspecting readers).This is especially likely when the observer adopts a theoretical position, taking insufficient account of the tension between society and actors. Unfortunately, such theories give social scientists the false feeling that they have some sort of preferred cognitive vantage point. Theories which incorporate an “oversocialized conception of man” (Wrong, 196l) or, alternatively, an “overly psychological conception of society,” ignore the fact that people act and make decisions about those actions, both of which are based upon value-judgments, and which do not have a one-to-one correlation with any given social situation.

Ideology Critique for the Environmental Social Sciences: What Reproduces the Treadmill of Production?

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Gunderson
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Ideology Critique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Treadmill Of Production

Environmental social scientists should analyze ideologies that reproduce ecologically unsustainable societies through the method of ideology critique. Ideology refers to ideas and practices that conceal contradictions through the legitimation and/or reification of the social order. Ideology critique is a method that allows the researcher to unmask systemic contradictions concealed by ideology. While the primary purpose of this project is to revisit and revise conceptual and methodological tools for the environmental social sciences, I provide examples of ideologies that may aid in the reproduction of the “treadmill of production” or the expansionistic production cycle that accelerates resource use and pollution.

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