Comments from a South Asian Perspective: Food, Famine, and the Chinese State

1982 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Greenough
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
The Other ◽  
Area Studies ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The One ◽  
India And China ◽  
Mode Of Production

Western writers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found it plausible to refer to India and China in the same breath as if they were species of a single genus, employing concepts like “Oriental despotism” and “the Asiatic mode of production.” No more. Indeed, modern language and area studies have so impressed upon us the historical uniqueness of these two societies that only infrequently will scholars cite an idea or event in the one to illuminate the experience of the other. Nonetheless, there is much to be gained by making comparisons when they cast light on particular problems or reflect upon the methods of scholarship. I thus vault the Himalayas and discuss below some contrasts in the approaches taken and the results achieved when students of historical India and China have examined the problems of subsistence. The three fine papers by James Lee, Peter Perdue, and R. Bin Wong, and the stimulating introduction by Lillian M. Li provide the pegs for these brief comments.

scholarly journals AN IMPERIAL APOSTLE? ST PAUL, PROTESTANT CONVERSION, AND SOUTH ASIAN CHRISTIANITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-130
Author(s):  
SHINJINI DAS
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
The One ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThis article explores the locally specific (re)construction of a biblical figure, the Apostle St Paul, in India, to unravel the entanglement of religion with British imperial ideology on the one hand, and to understand the dynamics of colonial conversion on the other. Over the nineteenth century, evangelical pamphlets and periodicals heralded St Paul as the ideal missionary, who championed conversion to Christianity but within an imperial context: that of the first-century Roman Mediterranean. Through an examination of missionary discourses, along with a study of Indian (Hindu and Islamic) intellectual engagement with Christianity including Bengali convert narratives, this article studies St Paul as a reference point for understanding the contours of ‘vernacular Christianity’ in nineteenth-century India. Drawing upon colonial Christian publications mainly from Bengal, the article focuses on the multiple reconfigurations of Paul: as a crucial mascot of Anglican Protestantism, as a justification of British imperialism, as an ideological resource for anti-imperial sentiments, and as a theological inspiration for Hindu reform and revivalist organization.

X.—Other Dialectal Forms in Tennessee

PMLA ◽  
1891 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Complete Survey ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The subject of this paper as announced some time ago in the programme of this convention, is not exactly the one which it should bear. In a former paper, published in the Modern Language Notes, I tried to trace back a number of our peculiar words and speech usages to an earlier period of the language, using Shakespeare as a basis. In the present paper this method of procedure has been attempted only incidentally. In other words, I invite your attention to a study of a few of the peculiarities of the language as found in Tennessee, regardless of their origin and history. It is not to be supposed, however, that the forms pointed out are limited to one particular state or to a small territory. On the other hand, most of them are found throughout the larger portion of the South, and many of them are common over the whole country. Nothing like a complete survey of the field, or a strict classification of the material gathered, has been attempted, and many of the words treated have been discussed by others. A few cases of bad pronunciation have been noticed, rather as an index of characteristic custom than as showing anything new.

The historical possibility and necessity of (Ilyenkov’s) anti-innatism

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyaves Azeri
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Philosophical System ◽  
Social Mind ◽  
The One ◽  
Mode Of Production

An important aspect of Evald Ilyenkov’s theory of social mind is anti-innatism. Anti-innatism is not only the necessary logical outcome of Ilyenkov’s overall philosophical system and in particular of his anti-reductionism, but also it is a socio-historically possible and necessary consequence of the capitalist mode of production, which amounts to the formation of a gap between socially formed human knowledge and growth of the productive powers, on the one hand, and value-producing labour, on the other.

Language and dialect between past and future

2020 ◽  
pp. 296-302
Author(s):  
Raf Van Rooy
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Societal Role

Chapter 24 surveys the book’s main arguments, which include especially the emergence of the modern language / dialect distinction during the early sixteenth century and the subsequent formulation of its main interpretations. Above all, however, this chapter emphasizes that the language / dialect distinction unmistakably has a history, for too long neglected, and that it is not a timeless and self-evident given. Having established its historicity, Chapter 24 fields the question of whether the conceptual pair has a future, to which an answer, both tentative and brief, is offered. On the one hand, it is suggested that a reconceptualization of the distinction can be a viable option. On the other hand, the fact that the conceptual pair has become common knowledge gives linguists not only the opportunity but also, and especially, the responsibility to take on a more prominent societal role in language / dialect disputes.

scholarly journals Utilitarianism and the question of free labor in Russia and India, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Alessandro Stanziani
Keyword(s):  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jeremy Bentham ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The World ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A Current

Abstract Liberal utilitarianism is usually presented as a current of thought mostly inspired by Jeremy Bentham and other Western European thinkers, and eventually diffused in other parts of the world. This paper adopts a different approach and shows, on the one hand, how the Bentham brothers’ experiences in Russia and serfdom in particular inspired their invention of the Panopticon. The latter was not related to deviance (Foucault's interpretation), but to labor organization and surveillance. On the other hand, the interplay between utilitarianism and colonial India led Bentham, then James and John Stuart Mill, and ultimately Henry Maine to revise utilitarianism, in particular the relationship between law, labor, and political economy. In both the Britain–Russia interplay and Britain–India interplay, the tension between universalism and particularism of philosophical, social and economic categories was at work.

scholarly journals 150 years after the birth of Rosa Luxemburg: Actuality of her social reform or revolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 833-865
Author(s):  
Vera Vratuša-Žunjić
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The One ◽  
Mode Of Production ◽  
Rosa Luxemburg

The paper examines the actuality of Rosa Luxemburg's Reform or revolution 150 years after her birth. The main method used is the content analysis of this important polemical pamphlet placed in the context of the time/space, i.e. when and where it was written, on the one hand, and today, on the other. The main finding is that Rosa's work has remained relevant to our days since the capitalist mode of production is still characterized by internal contradictions producing barbaric consequences of exploitation and imperialist wars. These capitalist system's consequences ensure the permanent actuality of the dilemma between socialism and barbarism confronted by Rosa Luxemburg throughout her life.

Capitalism, Democracy and Discrimination—The Rise and Decline of Racism in Cox's Caste, Class and Race1

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganeshwar Chand
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Focal Position ◽  
Oliver Cromwell ◽  
The One ◽  
Mode Of Production

In his book Caste, Class and Race, Oliver Cromwell Cox took positions on the link between capitalism and racism that appear contradictory; on the one hand he argues that racial exploitation emerged with the rise of capitalism, and on the other, that advancement of capitalism would reduce racial exploitation. This article analyzes this seeming contradiction from a Marxian perspective and argues that Cox failed to seriously consider the central organizing mechanism of capitalism—competition—to discuss the relation between capitalism and racism. To analyze race relations under any mode of production, the central organizing mechanism of that mode has to occupy a focal position. A failure to take account of that fact often results in political conclusions that, like Cox's, are divorced from theoretical analysis and thus are weak and impractical.

Chinese Central-provincial Fiscal Relationships, Budgetary Decline and the Impact of the 1994 Fiscal Reform: An Evaluation

1999 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 115-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le-Yin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Revenue Sharing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The Chinese central-provincial fiscal relationship of the reform era has been at the centre of academic attention in the last few years. It is rapidly becoming one of the most researched areas regarding China. Despite numerous publications, however, there are still some crucial issues that have not been sufficiently elucidated. First, the emphasis of discussions so far has been on formal budgetary relations, particularly the distributive pattern of revenue collection. In reality, the scope and impact of the Chinese budget are very much smaller than those elsewhere and the pattern of revenue collection is only one aspect of the multi-faceted central-provincial fiscal relationship. An appreciation of these aspects and their implications requires a better understanding of the full range of arenas in which the Chinese central government interacts with the provinces over public finance than is currently available. Secondly, it is generally accepted that the Chinese central-provincial fiscal relationship has been decentralized during the reform era, and that this change has underpinned the growing strength of the provinces and the decline in central power. However, the change in the relationship is actually more complex than one-dimensional decentralization would suggest, and the link between fiscal decentralization and political decentralization is less straightforward from a comparative perspective. Thirdly, it is widely accepted that there has been a fiscal decline in China and that the revenue-sharing system – implemented up to 1993 – was the cause of this decline. From this understanding, erroneous conclusions have been drawn. On the one hand, some scholars suggest that this decline signifies a limit on the Chinese state in its relation to the economy, and it is this factor that has underpinned the success of the Chinese economy during the reform. On the other, this decline is considered to epitomize the emergence of a “weak centre, strong localities” situation in China that may eventually lead to the disintegration of the Chinese political system. But it is far from established that there has indeed been a fiscal decline in the true sense of the term. The same can be said on the question of this decline, if it exists, representing the limiting of the Chinese state in relation to the economy or the decline of the central power relative to that of the provinces. Fourthly, in 1994 the Chinese government launched important reforms to the central-provincial fiscal relationship, aiming to replace the previous revenue-sharing system with a tax-sharing system (TSS, or fenshuizhi), and ultimately to stem so-called fiscal decline. Despite earlier reported problems, recent official reports have claimed substantial success of this reform in terms of improvement in the so-called “two ratios” – the ratio of budgetary revenue to GDP, and the ratio of central budgetary revenue to total budgetary revenue. What do these two ratios signify? How should we interpret such success? Does the success on the one hand confirm the allegation that the revenue-sharing system was the cause of the Chinese fiscal decline? And does it on the other hand indicate a strengthening in the centre's power relative to the provinces'?

Employment, Skills, and Upgrading

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-158
Author(s):  
D. Hugh Whittaker ◽  
Timothy J. Sturgeon ◽  
Toshie Okita ◽  
Tianbiao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Informal Employment ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Nonstandard Employment ◽  
Employment Skills ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Upgrading ◽  
India And China

Employment and skills are at the heart of economic development and the ‘middle-income trap’. Chapter 6 charts the evolution of ‘standard’ employment, and an expectation that the informal sector would disappear with industrialization. However, not only does the informal sector and informal employment now persist, but ‘nonstandard’ employment has been imported from developed countries, creating new forms of structural dualism. This diminishes the positive feedback loops between technological and economic upgrading on the one hand, and social upgrading or development on the other, intensifying ‘middle-income traps’. Such disjuncture is observed in global value chains, and in specific compressed-developer-country contexts, notably India and China.

Intersubjektive Sinnkonstitution und Sozialstruktur Zur Kritik handlungstheoretischer Ansätze der Soziologie / The constitution of meaning by subjects and the social structure On the critique of action-concepts in sociology

1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Berger
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Action Pattern ◽  
Basic Term ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Mode Of Production ◽  
The Way

AbstractIn contrast to the usual attempts to attach the difference between an action-theoretical sociology and MARX’s theory on divergent themes and interests, this paper is searching for the decisive distinction of both approaches in the way of concept formation. Here the important question is if and where the perception of actors is entering the concepts of sociology. The diverse answer to this question leads to two concepts of social structure : to normatively supported action pattern on the one hand, to a mode of production on the other.Finally, the formation of a sociological basic term, orientated on the idea of modes of production, is shown by the example of the class concept.

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