Agricultural Surplus Disposal and U.S. Economic Policies

1960 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-433
Author(s):  
Robert M. Stern
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Local Currency ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Aid Programs

In the four and a half years ending December 31, 1958, the United States exported close to $6 billion of surplus agricultural commodities under various foreign disposal programs, the most important being the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act, known commonly as P. L. 480. These P. L. 480 exports included the barter of American surpluses for imports of strategic materials, foreign relief shipments and donations and, most significantly, sales for the local currency of importers. This last type of transaction, which is without precedent in world trade, has enabled the United States to dispose of some 3.3 billion dollars' worth of surpluses in agreements made with 28 nations, and the major part of the foreign currencies generated—that is, some $2.1 billion—has been earmarked for economic development purposes in the receiving countries. Surplus disposal thus not only has become a primary means of promoting United States agricultural exports, but has acquired a major role in our foreign aid programs as well.

A Story Half Told—Selective Benefit Assessment in the New US CVD Rule for Exchange Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-928
Author(s):  
Jaemin Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT The new countervailing duty proceeding rule of the United States on exchange rates aims to address currency undervaluation through a subsidy tool under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. As there is no prohibition in the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) making macro-economic policies off-limits from the reach of subsidy norms, exchange rates can be subject to countervailing duty proceedings. However, there are specific requirements to be met under the ASCM and World Trade Organization jurisprudence. Most notably, the new countervailing duty proceeding rule arguably fails to meet the ‘benefit’ analysis requirements. It takes into account the effect that negatively weighs on foreign exporters subject to a countervailing duty proceeding while ignoring the one that positively weighs. This skewed benefit analysis of selective nature is difficult to sustain under the ASCM and its jurisprudence. A more detailed and thorough benefit analysis is needed to make this new scheme work in a World Trade Organization (WTO)–consistent manner. The new countervailing duty rule showcases structural problems addressing macro-economic policies through a subsidy framework.

scholarly journals Free Trade Impacts On U.S. And Southern Agriculture

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Burfisher ◽  
Robert M. House ◽  
Suchada V. Langley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Trade Relationship

In June 1991, the United States and Mexico agreed to work toward the formation of a free trade area (FTA), in which trade barriers between the two countries will be gradually reduced and eUrninated. An FTA is expected to deepen a trade relationship that has always been important to the two countries, and which has been expanded by the unilateral trade liberalization initiated by Mexico in 1983. A U.S. Mexico FTA will be an important development for U.S. agriculture. In 1990, Mexico ranked among the top four markets for U.S. agricultural exports nd imports. Mexico's share of U.S. agricultural trade has increased since the mid-1980s, and could expand further if trade barriers are removed.

Agricultural Disposals as Foreign Aid: An Appraisal

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Hultman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
States Government

The United States Government, over the past several years, has endeavored to utilize its abundance of agricultural commodities for the promotion of economic development in certain foreign locales. The disposal of surplus food and fiber products purportedly serves the dual purpose of alleviation of domestic over-production and assistance to underdeveloped countries engaged in a struggle for economic advancement. The two programs which attempt an integration of surplus disposal with foreign economic assistance are Section 402 of the Mutual Security Act and the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act (PL 480).

Foreign Aid, Development, and US Strategic Interests in the Cold War

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Original Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aid Programs ◽  
Original Measure ◽  
Historical Editions ◽  
The Cold War

Abstract Scholars have argued that during the Cold War, the United States gave aid to its allies to reward them for maintaining an anti-Communist foreign policy rather than to promote their economic development. This finding is mostly based on data starting in the 1970s and does not accurately characterize US grand strategy before the 1970s,  when the United States used aid to promote development among its allies in order to strengthen them against Communism. Using original data collected from historical editions of USAID's “Greenbook,” this article identifies the amount of unconditional aid in the United States’ foreign-aid programs in the period 1955–1970. This type of aid was designed to be politically attractive rather than to be developmentally effective. This article also develops an original measure of aid recipients’ geopolitical alignment that draws on hand coding of 466 diplomatic documents. Using these data, this article finds that there was more unconditional aid in the United States’ aid programs to neutral and nonaligned countries than in the United States’ aid programs to its allies and security partners—a counterintuitive finding that shows how different the first half of the Cold War was from the second.1

The Future of Cuba’s Non-Sugar Agricultural Sector

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-116
Author(s):  
Mario A. González-Corzo ◽  
Armando Nova-González
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Future ◽  
Trade Sanctions ◽  
Dramatic Growth

Despite a dramatic growth in agricultural trade between the United States and Cuba, trade between these two states has been “one-way trade,” primarily due to U.S. economic sanctions. A new scenario could potentially emerge as diplomatic and trade relations between the United States and Cuba improve and are eventually normalized. These changes could facilitate the expansion of U.S. agricultural and food exports to the island, as well as Cuban exports to the United States. This chapter examines the evolution of U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba since the approval of the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act (TSRA) in 2000. The future prospects and policy implications for U.S.-Cuba agricultural trade are also discussed, taking into account the shift in U.S–Cuba relations initiated after December 17, 2014.

scholarly journals Chapter 10: Agri-Food Trade Between the United States and Russia: From Divergence to Irrelevance

2021 ◽  
pp. 279-316
Author(s):  
Stephen K. Wegren
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The Cold War

AbstractThis chapter investigates the impact of political relations on U.S. food exports to the Soviet Union and Russia. The chapter finds that during the Cold War, political relations between the United States and Russia and agricultural trade were divergent, which means that food trade was not much affected by poor relations. In the post-Soviet period, the relationship between politics and agricultural exports has become convergent, which means that political relations and U.S. exports move in the same direction. With Putin in office, U.S. agricultural exports have fallen into irrelevance, a trend that predates Russia’s 2014 food embargo against the West.

scholarly journals WTO Panel Rules Against U.S. Claim that Tariffs on Chinese Goods Are Justified as Necessary to Protect “Public Morals”

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-124
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
The U.S

On September 15, 2020, a World Trade Organization (WTO) panel ruled that certain tariffs the United States imposed on Chinese products violated Articles I (most-favored-nation) and II (tariff bindings) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The panel rejected the U.S. attempt to invoke a “public morals” defense pursuant to GATT Article XX, holding that although countries receive substantial deference in defining “public morals,” the United States failed to prove that the tariffs were necessary to achieve its stated public morals objective.

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