scholarly journals Sophisticated Sincerity: Voting Over Endogenous Agendas

1987 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 1323-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Austen-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Strategic Voting ◽  
Private Data ◽  
Sincere Voting ◽  
Amendment Procedure

The empirical findings on whether or not legislators vote strategically are mixed. This is at least partly due to the fact that to establish any hypothesis on strategic voting, legislators' preferences need to be known, and these are typically private data. I show that under complete information, if decision making is by the amendment procedure and if the agenda is set endogenously, then sophisticated (strategic) voting over the resulting agenda is observationally equivalent to sincere voting. The voting strategies, however, are sophisticated. This fact has direct implications for empirical work on sophisticated voting.

Do Racial Stereotypes Contribute to Medical Misdiagnosis of Child Abuse?

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-180
Author(s):  
Cynthia J. Najdowski ◽  
Kimberly M. Bernstein ◽  
Katherine S. Wahrer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Protective Services ◽  
Wrongful Convictions ◽  
Race Bias ◽  
Potential Child ◽  
Black Infant

Despite growing recognition that misdiagnoses of child abuse can lead to wrongful convictions, little empirical work has examined how the medical community may contribute to these errors. Previous research has documented the existence and content of stereotypes that associate race with child abuse. The current study examines whether emergency medical professionals rely on this stereotype to fill in gaps in ambiguous cases involving Black children, thereby increasing the potential for misdiagnoses of child abuse. Specifically, we tested whether the race-abuse stereotype led participants to attend to more abuse-related details than infection-related details when an infant patient was Black versus White. We also tested whether this heuristic decision-making would be affected by contextual case facts; specifically, we examined whether race bias would be exacerbated or mitigated by a family’s involvement with child protective services (CPS). Results showed that participants did exhibit some biased information processing in response to the experimental manipulations. Even so, the race-abuse stereotype and heuristic decision-making did not cause participants to diagnose a Black infant patient with abuse more often than a White infant patient, regardless of his family’s involvement with CPS. These findings help illuminate how race may lead to different outcomes in cases of potential child abuse, while also demonstrating potential pathways through which racial disparities in misdiagnosis of abuse and subsequent wrongful convictions can be prevented.

scholarly journals Application of Interval Fuzzy Logic in Selecting a Sustainable Supplier on the Example of Agricultural Production

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Adis Puška ◽  
Miroslav Nedeljković ◽  
Sarfaraz Hashemkhani Zolfani ◽  
Dragan Pamučar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Sustainable Supply Chain ◽  
Sustainability Criteria ◽  
Criteria Importance ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Economic Criteria

The selection of sustainable suppliers (SSS) is the first step in applying a sustainable supply chain and sustainable production. Therefore, it is necessary to select the supplier that best meets the set sustainability criteria. However, the selection of suppliers cannot be done by applying symmetric information, because the company does not have complete information, so asymmetric information should be used when selecting suppliers. Since the SSS applies three main sustainability criteria, environmental, social, and economic criteria, this decision-making problem is solved by applying multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). In order to solve the SSS for the needs of agricultural production, interval fuzzy logic was applied in this research, and six suppliers with whom agricultural pharmacies in Semberija work were taken into consideration. The application of interval fuzzy logic was performed using the methods PIPRECIA (Pivot pairwise relative criteria importance assessment) and MABAC (Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison). Using the PIPRECIA method, the weights of criteria and sub-criteria were determined. Results of this method showed that the most significant are economic criteria, followed by the social criteria. The ecological criteria are the least important. The supplier ranking was performed using the MABAC method. The results showed that supplier A4 best meets the sustainability criteria, while supplier A6 is the worst. These results were confirmed using other MCDM methods, followed by the sensitivity analysis. According to the attained results, agricultural producers from Semberija should buy the most products from suppliers A4, in order to better apply sustainability in production. This paper showed how to decision make when there is asymmetric information about suppliers.

Measuring intellectual capital in a firm belonging to a strategic alliance

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Veltri ◽  
Andrea Venturelli ◽  
Giovanni Mastroleo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Scant Attention

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a method to measure intellectual capital (IC) in firms involved in strategic alliances, an area that has received scant attention in the literature, as existing research is focused mainly on organizational level mainly and increasingly on macro-level unit such as regions or nations. There are very few works at the meso-level (i.e. alliances, clusters), and the paper aims to fill this void, by providing researchers and practitioners with a tool capable of combining measurement and management aims, developed at organizational level with the active participation of the researchers. Design/methodology/approach – The method of analysis is based on a model formalized through a fuzzy expert system (FES). The FES are able to merge the capabilities of an expert system to simulate the decision-making process with the vagueness typical of human reasoning, maintaining the ability to still have a numeric value as a response. Its construction requires the participation of experts, whose knowledge of the problem is accumulated in the form of blocks of rules. These features make it possible to formalize the decision-making process related to the IC valuation, handling qualitative and quantitative variables, and exploring the cognitive mechanisms underlying this process. Findings – The outcome of the application is a system designed to measure the intangible performance deriving from participation in a strategic alliance using FES. This study contributes to the broadening of the research community’s understanding regarding the alternative measurement of IC created within strategic alliances. Research limitations/implications – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, IC literature lacks methods expressly designed to measure the incremental value of IC originating from collaboration among firms. From a measurement perspective, the results may be regarded as valuable proof that IC performance within strategic alliances can be measured quantitatively. Practical implications – On the management side, the possibility of retracing the determinants of different IC intermediate indicators composing the final IC index allows strategic alliances managers to use this information for decision-making purposes. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first study applying FES to measure IC in a firm belonging to a strategic alliance. In the authors’ opinion, fuzzy logic methodology, recently applied in empirical work designed to evaluate IC, represents a reliable methodology because of the “fuzzy” nature of IC.

Normative Weighing and Legal Guidance of Conduct

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-391
Author(s):  
Noam Gur
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Practical Reason ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Daily Activity ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Reasons For Action ◽  
Correct Decision ◽  
Normative Force ◽  
Frequent Presence

Contemporary legal philosophers commonly understand the normative force of law in terms of practical reason. They sharply disagree, however, on how exactly it translates into practical reason. Notably, some have argued that the directives of an authority that meets certain prerequisites of legitimacy generate reasons for action that exclude some otherwise applicable reasons, while others have insisted that such directives can only give rise to reasons that compete with opposing ones in terms of their weight (an approach I will call the weighing model). Does the weighing model provide a normative framework within which law could adequately facilitate correct decision-making? At first glance, the answer appears to be ‘yes’: there seems to be nothing about law-following values—such as coordination reasons, the desirability of social order, deferential expertise, etc.—which prevents them from being factored into our decision-making in terms of normative weight that tips the balance in favor of compliance with law inasmuch as it is worthwhile to comply with it. This impression, however, turns out to be incorrect when, drawing on a body of empirical work in psychology, I observe that many of the practical difficulties law typically addresses are difficulties that have part of their root in biases to which we are systematically susceptible in the settings of our daily activity. I argue that the frequent presence of those biases in contexts of activity which law regulates, and the pivotal role law has in counteracting them, emphatically militate against the weighing model and call for its rejection.

Altruismus, Moralität und Vertrauen

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Braun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Individual Rationality ◽  
Social Efficiency ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Individual Decision Making ◽  
Choice Approach

AbstractSuccessful trust-relations exist if the trustee reciprocates in accordance with his/her promises to the trustor’s unilateral cooperation. Using a parametric rational choice approach, Coleman shows that an egoist without a moral conscience may place trust in another unmoral egoist. Consequently, successful trust-relations between those actors are possible if strategic considerations play no role for individual decision-making. This paper focusses on such considerations for the emergence of those relations, given complete information (in the sense of common knowledge) of the players. Generally, trust-relations are hard to establish if unmoral egoists take into account their strategic interdependence. It is shown that two different motivations of the trustee, viz., altruism and morality, may suffice to overcome the characteristic conflict between individual rationality and social efficiency in situations with strategically deciding actors.

scholarly journals Fixation patterns in simple choice reflect optimal information sampling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Callaway ◽  
Antonio Rangel ◽  
Tom Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Information Sampling ◽  
Optimal Information

When faced with a decision between several options, people rarely fully consider every alternative. Instead, we direct our attention to the most promising candidates, focusing our limited cognitive resources on evaluating the options that we are most likely to choose. A growing body of empirical work has shown that attention plays an important role in human decision making, but it is still unclear how people choose with option to attend to at each moment in the decision making process. In this paper, we present an analysis of how a rational decision maker should allocate her attention. We cast attention allocation in decision making as a sequential sampling problem, in which the decision maker iteratively selects from which distribution to sample in order to update her beliefs about the values of the available alternatives. By approximating the optimal solution to this problem, we derive a model in which both the selection and integration of evidence are rational. This model predicts choices and reaction times, as well as sequences of visual fixations. Applying the model to a ternary-choice dataset, we find that its predictions align well with human data.

What is a Prototype? What are the Roles of Prototypes in Companies?

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlye A. Lauff ◽  
Daria Kotys-Schwartz ◽  
Mark E. Rentschler
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Informed Decision Making ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Ethnographic Studies ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Product Development Cycle

Prototyping is an essential part of product development in companies, and yet it is one of the least explored areas of design practice. There are limited ethnographic studies conducted within companies, specifically around the topic of prototyping. This is an empirical and industrial-based study using inductive ethnographic observations to further our understanding of the various roles prototypes play in organizations. This research observed the entire product development cycle within three companies in the fields of consumer electronics (CE), footwear (FW), and medical devices (MD). Our guiding research questions are: What is a prototype? What are the roles of prototypes across these three companies? Through our analysis, we uncovered that prototypes are tools for enhanced communication, increased learning, and informed decision-making. Specifically, we further refine these categories to display the types of communication, learning, and decision-making that occur. These insights are significant because they validate many prior prototyping theories and claims, while also adding new perspectives through further exploiting each role. Finally, we provide newly modified definitions of a prototype and prototyping based on this empirical work, which we hope expands designers' mental models for the terms.

Predictive Analytics to Support Clinical Decision Making

2020 ◽  
pp. 271-281
Author(s):  
Nilmini Wickramasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Difference

A key activity in healthcare is clinical decision making. This decision making typically has to be made rapidly and often without complete information. Moreover, the consequences of these decisions could be far reaching including the difference between life or death. Today analytics can assist in clinical decision making as the following chapter highlights. However, to gain the most from any type of analytics, it is first necessary to fully understand the dynamics around the clinical decision making process.

scholarly journals Doing it for the kids: the role of sustainability in family consumption

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1100-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine L. Ritch ◽  
Douglas Brownlie
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Social Resilience ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Family Consumption

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore social dynamics around food and clothing provisioning for young families and how involvement in environmental concerns shapes those dynamics and presents challenges and opportunities to in terms of evolving consumer tastes. Through collecting and analysing narratives of mothering, the authors explore the influence of children on decision making in household provisioning; in particular, how their education into sustainable concepts through the European initiative of eco-schools impacts provisioning. Design/methodology/approach The exploratory research design specifically sought the demographic profile identified in extant literature as engaging with sustainability issues to explore how they were interpreted into familial consumption. This resulted in 28 unstructured interviews exploring a range of related topics with a group of highly educated working mothers with a profession. Findings The study finds that family consumption behaviour is mediated by relations towards environmental concerns and taste positions taken by both parents and children. It illustrates how care for children’s safety, social resilience and health and well-being is habitus informed as well as being the subject of wider institutional logics including educational interventions such as school eco-status and participation in mother and child activity groups. However, tensions arose surrounding the children’s socialisation with peers and space was provided to help the children self-actualise. Research limitations/implications The exploratory goal of the study limited the scope of its empirical work to a small group of participants sharing consumer characteristics and geographical location. Practical implications The research provides ideas for retailers, brands and marketers to better position their product offering as it relates to growing family concerns for ecological issues and sustainable consumption, as well as what motivates sustainable behaviours, from both the child and mothers perspective. Social implications The research identifies the immersion of sustainability into family households when there are no financial implications, influenced through campaigns, schools and society. This provides examples of what motivates sustainable behaviours for retailers and marketers to develop strategies that can be capitalised on. Originality/value The originality of the research emerges through examining how children influence sustainability within households and decision making, moving beyond health implications to educate children to be responsible consumers through play and authentic experiences.

scholarly journals Where to Go From Here? Toward a Model of 2-Year College Students’ Postsecondary Pathway Selection

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly R. Wickersham
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Student Mobility ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Grounded Theory Approach ◽  
Postsecondary Pathways

Objective: Empirical work explaining student mobility, particularly postsecondary pathways among 2-year college students, remains limited. This study examines the underlying process that drives 2-year college students into one or more pathways as they navigate higher education. Method: Drawing upon survey, transcript, and interview data from one transfer-focused and two comprehensive community colleges in a Midwestern state, this study uses a grounded theory approach to develop a conceptual model to understand college students’ decision-making process when choosing among competing postsecondary pathways. Results: The resulting College Pathway (Re)Selection Model Among Beginning 2-Year College Students contained two categories—lifetime decision-making and short-term decision-making—that defined the purposes of students’ decisions as they navigate postsecondary education. Within the categories, 2-year college students described the role of payoff, fit, transferability, place, flexibility, and mobility in their decision-making process. Contributions: This study offers a new model that explains what shapes 2-year college students’ decisions and challenges notions of postsecondary pathways, student progress, success, and completion in the context of 2-year college students’ fluid lives and goals.

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