Do Cooperators Exit More Readily than Defectors?

1984 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Orbell ◽  
Peregrine Schwartz-Shea ◽  
Randy T. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Binary Choice ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Prisoners Dilemma ◽  
Original Group ◽  
Exit Option ◽  
Decision To Stay ◽  
The Individual

Standard prisoners' dilemma games offer players the binary choice between cooperating and defecting, but in a related game there is the third possibility of leaving the game altogether. We conceptualize exiting as taking the individual beyond the reach of externalities generated in the original group, and on that basis—together with the assumption of self-interested (dollar-maximizing) behavior on the part of all players—we derive the prediction that the exit option will drain the community or group more of cooperators than of defectors.But experimental data do not support this prediction; cooperators do not leave more frequently than defectors and, in fact, there is evidence that defectors are more prone to leave than cooperators. We consider and reject the possibility that this failure of prediction results from the (admitted) greater optimism of cooperators about the incidence of cooperation “here,” and present data supporting the hypothesis that cooperators often stay when their personal interest is with exiting because of the same ethical or group-regarding impulse that (presumably) led them to cooperate in the first place. Cooperation can be produced for a group or community either by inducing people to cooperate or by inducing those who are going to cooperate to stay in the game, and ethical considerations seem to underlie the decision to stay as well as the decision to cooperate while staying.

MNDO conformations of chloromethyloxirane and solvent effect

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 3199-3205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Tvaroška
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Solvation Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Single Bond ◽  
Chloromethyl Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gauche Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Semi Empirical

Structure of chloromethyloxirane during rotation around the C-C single bond connecting oxirane ring and chloromethyl group has been studied theoretically in twelve solvents. Molecular characteristics and energy of the isolated molecule have been calculated by the semi-empirical MNDO method of molecular orbitals. The MNDO calculation predicts the existence of only two synclinal conformers G-1 and G-2, more stable being the less polar G-2, μ = 2.39 . 10-30 mC. However, the calculation carried out for dilute solutions including the solvation energy by the method of continuum reveals the presence of the third, antiperiplanar conformer T, μ = 9.26 . 10-30 mC. Populations of the individual conformers depend considerably on solvent, the most stable in ethanol being G-1, μ = 11.06 . 10-30 mC. The results obtained are compared with experimental data and also discussed from the point of view of the gauche effect.

Combining Values

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4, 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Common Error ◽  
The Third ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
Impairment Ratings ◽  
Upper Extremity Impairment ◽  
The Individual

Abstract To account for the effects of multiple impairments, evaluating physicians must provide a summary value that combines multiple impairments so the whole person impairment is equal to or less than the sum of all the individual impairment values. A common error is to add values that should be combined and typically results in an inflated rating. The Combined Values Chart in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fifth Edition, includes instructions that guide physicians about combining impairment ratings. For example, impairment values within a region generally are combined and converted to a whole person permanent impairment before combination with the results from other regions (exceptions include certain impairments of the spine and extremities). When they combine three or more values, physicians should select and combine the two lowest values; this value is combined with the third value to yield the total value. Upper extremity impairment ratings are combined based on the principle that a second and each succeeding impairment applies not to the whole unit (eg, whole finger) but only to the part that remains (eg, proximal phalanx). Physicians who combine lower extremity impairments usually use only one evaluation method, but, if more than one method is used, the physician should use the Combined Values Chart.

Journey to the Advisor Within: Exploring Challenge, Transformation and Evolution in Advisor Stories

Relay Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 319-322
Author(s):  
Gamze Güven-Yalçın ◽  
Stephanie Lea Howard ◽  
Hatice Karaaslan
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Reflective Practice ◽  
Message Board ◽  
Initial Experiment ◽  
Narrative Style ◽  
The Third ◽  
Visual Message ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Academic Year

In the Reflective Practice column of the third issue of the Relay Journal, Yamamoto (2019) remarked on the importance of creating a platform for advisors to voice their views, feelings, and experiences, and suggested a need for more reflective narratives to be posted from different social, historical, and cultural contexts in order to provide an intimate view inside advising sessions, thereby offering a better understanding of said advising practices. The aim was to create a forum where advisors could learn from each other, and ultimately, everyone could mutually benefit from the experiences shared. To further this innovative research into Advising in Language Learning (ALL), the initial experiment by language advsiors at Kanda has been replicated in a different setting with four learning advisors from Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Turkey. The design used by the advisors at Kanda, a narrative style adopted while telling the stories, has been expanded to include a visual message board to which 20 learning advisors have contributed with their short reflective captions on their advisor selves. Additionally, the theme used by the advisors at Kanda, “the most memorable advising experience of this academic year” has been altered in our case to avoid repetition and to allow reflection on different aspects of the advising experiences. Thus, our narratives and the visual message board will examine two different themes: (1) How has advising affected you? (2) How do you define yourself as an advisor? Four narratives have elaborated on the first theme of the influence of advising knowledge and practice on the individual advisors, and the visual message board includes 20 images with reflective captions on the second theme of defining advisor identities.

Vapour-liquid equilibrium in the isobutyl formate-isobutyl alcohol and n-butyl formate-isobutyl alcohol systems at atmospheric pressure

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 3501-3508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Linek
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Fourth Order ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Isobutyl Alcohol ◽  
Liquid Equilibrium ◽  
The Third

Isobaric vapour-liquid equilibria in the isobutyl formate-isobutyl alcohol and n-butyl formate-isobutyl alcohol systems have been measured at atmospheric pressure. A modified circulation still of the Gillespie type has been used for the measurements. The experimental data have been correlated by means of the third- and fourth-order Margules equations.

Study of potential curves by UHF type methods. CH4 molecule and its dissociation products

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-737
Author(s):  
Viliam Klimo ◽  
Jozef Tiňo
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Quantum Chemistry ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Basis Set ◽  
Electronic Correlation ◽  
Exact Methods ◽  
Energy Parameters ◽  
Bond Functions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Potential Curves

Geometry and energy parameters of the individual dissociation intermediate steps of CH4 molecule, parameters of the barrier to linearity and singlet-triplet separation of the CH2 molecule have been calculated by means of the UMP method in the minimum basis set augmented with the bond functions. The results agree well with experimental data except for the geometry of CH2(1A1) and relatively high energy values of CH(2II) and CH2(1A1) where the existence of two UHF solutions indicates a necessity of description of the electronic correlation by more exact methods of quantum chemistry.

The Free Responsible Action of the Individual

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. DeJonge
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Extreme Situation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Responsible Action ◽  
Action Type ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

If, as Chapter 12 argues, much of Bonhoeffer’s resistance thinking remains stable even as he undertakes the novel conspiratorial resistance, what is new in his resistance thinking in the third phase? What receives new theological elaboration is the resistance activity of the individual, which in the first two phases was overshadowed by the resistance role played by the church. Indeed, as this chapter shows, Bonhoeffer’s conspiratorial activity is associated with what he calls free responsible action (type 6), and this is the action of the individual, not the church, in the exercise of vocation. As such, the conspiratorial activity is most closely related to the previously developed type 1 resistance, which includes individual vocational action in response to state injustice. But the conspiratorial activity differs from type 1 resistance as individual vocational action in the extreme situation.

scholarly journals VARIABILITY OF EVOLUTIONARY RATES OF DNA

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077-1091
Author(s):  
John H Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Significant Excess ◽  
Ergodic Markov Chain ◽  
The Third ◽  
Markov Chain Models ◽  
Rate Of Molecular Evolution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nuclear Loci ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Evolution Of Proteins

ABSTRACT A statistical analysis of DNA sequences from four nuclear loci and five mitochondrial loci from different orders of mammals is described. A major aim of the study is to describe the variation in the rate of molecular evolution of proteins and DNA. A measure of rate variability is the statistic R, the ratio of the variance in the number of substitutions to the mean number. For proteins, R is found to be in the range 0.16 < R < 35.55, thus extending in both directions the values seen in previous studies. An analysis of codons shows that there is a highly significant excess of double substitutions in the first and second positions, but not in the second and third or first and third positions. The analysis of the dynamics of nucleotide evolution showed that the ergodic Markov chain models that are the basis of most published formulas for correcting for multiple substitutions are incompatible with the data. A bootstrap procedure was used to show that the evolution of the individual nucleotides, even the third positions, show the same variation in rates as seen in the proteins. It is argued that protein and silent DNA evolution are uncoupled, with the evolution at both levels showing patterns that are better explained by the action of natural selection than by neutrality. This conclusion is based primarily on a comparison of the nuclear and mitochondrial results.

scholarly journals Dominance relationships and coalitionary aggression against conspecifics in female carrion crows

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Holtmann ◽  
Julia Buskas ◽  
Matthew Steele ◽  
Kristaps Solokovskis ◽  
Jochen B. W. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Dominant Individual ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Cooperation is a prevailing feature of many animal systems. Coalitionary aggression, where a group of individuals engages in coordinated behaviour to the detriment of conspecific targets, is a form of cooperation involving complex social interactions. To date, evidence has been dominated by studies in humans and other primates with a clear bias towards studies of male-male coalitions. We here characterize coalitionary aggression behaviour in a group of female carrion crows consisting of recruitment, coordinated chase, and attack. The individual of highest social rank liaised with the second most dominant individual to engage in coordinated chase and attack of a lower ranked crow on several occasions. Despite active intervention by the third most highly ranked individual opposing the offenders, the attack finally resulted in the death of the victim. All individuals were unrelated, of the same sex, and naïve to the behaviour excluding kinship, reproduction, and social learning as possible drivers. Instead, the coalition may reflect a strategy of the dominant individual to secure long-term social benefits. Overall, the study provides evidence that members of the crow family engage in coordinated alliances directed against conspecifics as a possible means to manipulate their social environment.

A correlation to predict the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps handling slurries

1997 ◽  
Vol 211 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
K A Kazim ◽  
B Maiti ◽  
P Chand
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Centrifugal Pumps ◽  
Pump Performance ◽  
New Correlation ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
The Individual

Centrifugal pumps are being used increasingly for transportation of slurries through pipelines. To design a slurry handling system it is essential to have a knowledge of the effects of suspended solids on the pump performance. A new correlation to predict the head reduction factor for centrifugal pumps handling solids has been developed. This correlation takes into account the individual effect of particle size, particle size distribution, specific gravity and concentration of solids on the centrifugal pump performance characteristics. The range of validity of the correlation has been verified by experiment and by using experimental data available from the literature. The present correlation shows better agreement with the experimental data than existing correlations.

The Literary Form and Liturgical Background of Psalm Lxxxix

1961 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Literary Form ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Individual

AbstractPs. lxxxix is in many ways the most interesting and important of the royal psalms. Taken as a whole it is a lamentation (vss. 39-52) over the frustration of God's promises to the Davidic dynasty (vss. 20-38), which were made possible by his cosmic sovereignty (6-15). The first part of the psalm recalls the hymns of Yahweh's enthronement (xlvii, xciii, xcv-c), the second, the oracle of Nathan (2 Sam. vii; Ps. cxxxii), and the third, the individual lamentations of the Psalter. This complexity of form and content has led most commentators to divide the psalm into two or three originally separate poems, and to interpret their significance more or less independently of each other. It is the aim of the present study to demonstrate the formal integrity of the psalm as it appears in the Psalter, and to discover, if possible, its original liturgical setting.

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