Bases of Budgetary Incrementalism

1974 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1221-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wanat
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Correlational Analysis ◽  
Good Explanation ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Budget Process ◽  
Sensitivity Testing

This essay analyses the explanatory power of Davis, Dempster, and Wildavsky's theory of budgetary incrementalism. By means of sensitivity testing, it demonstrates that inferences to “gaming” or strategic explanations of budgetary incrementalism are not warranted on the basis of correlational analysis.To explain budgetary incrementalism more satisfactorily, recourse is made to concepts and variables explicit in the vocabulary of the budget process participants. When mandatory requests are distinguished from programmatic requests, the differential treatment of the two by Congress is observed to allow good explanation of budgetary relations. In particular, the inexorable but small mandatory request, which is almost automatically granted, is adequate by itself to explain why requests always increase and why one year's appropriation surpasses the previous one.

Elected officials’ perceptions of governance relationships and budget participation mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Ebdon ◽  
Yue Jiang ◽  
Aimee L. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Budget Process ◽  
Elected Officials ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Reactive Strategy ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Budgetary Participation ◽  
Participation Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship

Issues like fiscal crises and sequestration may cause elected officials to get citizen input in the budget process. This action can be viewed as a reactive strategy used when the relationship with citizens is weakening; or, a proactive strategy to keep governance relationships strong. This conundrum prompts examination of how budgetary participation mechanisms serve representative democracy and governance goals. Using survey results from public officials in 391 midwestern cities regarding perceptions of governance relationships and the use of participation mechanisms, we find no significant relationships and weak explanatory power in the causal model. When trust in government keeps falling, the relative strength of the relationship between public officials and citizens is an issue that public administrators must understand to develop effective budget participation mechanisms.

scholarly journals Harmonic Closure: Music Theory and Perception

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton S. Rosner ◽  
Eugene Narmour
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Correlational Analysis ◽  
Root Position ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Scale Step

Music theorists have often disagreed about the material variables that determine the perception of harmonic closure. To investigate this controversial topic, we presented subjects with pairs of selected two-chord progressions. The subjects judged which member of each pair seemed more closed. Preferences varied across pairs of cadences and generally obeyed transitivity. Quantitative reformulation of theoretical harmonic variables permitted correlational analysis of the results. Three or four variables, including one or two that reflect learned stylistic structures, best explained our findings. Conventional harmonic factors of scale step, soprano position, and root position demonstrated surprisingly little explanatory power.

Trait and State Components of Perceived Parental Differential Treatment in Middle Adulthood

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Boll ◽  
Tom Michels ◽  
Dieter Ferring ◽  
Sigrun-Heide Filipp
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Middle Adulthood ◽  
Parental Differential Treatment ◽  
Trait Theory ◽  
Trait Variance ◽  
Parental Recognition ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

Despite its importance for basic and applied psychology, only a few longitudinal studies have examined whether parental differential treatment (PDT) is a persistent or a transient phenomenon, these studies being confined to childhood or adolescence. Based on latent state-trait theory, the present study identified the amount of variance in three dimensions of perceived PDT in middle adulthood attributable to stable interindividual differences (trait variance) and to intraindividual changes (state variance). At two occasions of measurement (2 years apart), 709 middle-aged adults rated how often they and a sibling currently received parental recognition, nurture, and demand to assume filial responsibility. Tests of latent state-trait models for these three dimensions of PDT by structural equation modeling revealed that trait variance represented the largest proportion of the systematic variance in all observed indicators of perceived maternal and paternal differential treatment. Yet there was a considerable increase in state variance for the dimension of differential parental demand for assuming responsibility. Results are discussed with respect to the conditions accounting for the high overall stability of actual and/or perceived PDT in adulthood, and different approaches for determining their role are proposed.

Self-Report Imagery Questionnaire Scores and Subtypes of Social-Desirable Responding

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Allbutt ◽  
Jonathan Ling ◽  
Thomas M. Heffernan ◽  
Mohammed Shafiullah
Keyword(s):  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Correlational Analysis ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Visual Thinking ◽  
Thinking Style ◽  
Social Desirable Responding

Allbutt, Ling, and Shafiullah (2006) and Allbutt, Shafiullah, and Ling (2006) found that scores on self-report measures of visual imagery experience correlate primarily with the egoistic form of social-desirable responding. Here, three studies are reported which investigated whether this pattern of findings generalized to the ratings of imagery vividness in the auditory modality, a new version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire ( Marks, 1995 ), and reports of visual thinking style. The measure of social-desirable responding used was the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR; Paulhus, 2002 ). Correlational analysis replicated the pattern seen in our earlier work and of the correlations with the egoistic bias, the correlation with vividness of visual imagery was largest and significant, the correlation with visual thinking style next largest and approached significance, and the correlation with vividness of auditory imagery was the smallest and not significant. The size of these correlations mirrored the extent to which the three aspects of imagery were valued by participants.

The Explanatory Power of Ethnomethodology

1980 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 573-574
Author(s):  
JAMES LULL
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power

The Explanatory Power and Status of Power and Status

1979 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 748-750
Author(s):  
K. T. STRONGMAN
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power
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