The Levels of Conceptualization: False Measures of Ideological Sophistication

1980 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. A. N. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
Actual Process ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Political Evaluation ◽  
Original Measure

The “level of conceptualization” index, introduced by Campbell et al. (1960), is commonly used to measure ideological awareness and sophistication among the electorate. Unfortunately, the validity and reliability of the original measure were never sufficiently examined. This article examines the level of conceptualization measures of Field and Anderson (1969) and Nie, Verba and Petrocik (1976). It reaches two major conclusions: (1) the measures under examination are neither reliable nor valid measures of the level of conceptualization construct; and (2) the measures reflect the rhetoric of contemporary political discourse rather than the actual process of political evaluation. These conclusions call into doubt the validity and reliability of the original measure of The American Voter.

The effectiveness of e-entrepreneurship training programs in the emerging markets (GCC)

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Actual Process ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Entrepreneurship Training ◽  
Gulf Countries

The study aimed to examine the effectiveness of e-entrepreneurship training programs (EETP) content (curriculum), EETP period, EETP trainers (instructors – individual mentor’s role) and EETP candidates’ input (involvement and contribution)) in the higher educational institutions (HEI) in the emerging markets (EM) particularly in the Gulf Countries Council (GCC). The survey instrument was pre-tested to establish its validity and reliability and the quantitative statistical data that emerged from the administration of the survey were analyzed using t-tests, factor analysis, and analysis of variance and correlations (ANOVA). the study concluded that the curriculum defines the experiences presented to the learner, hence the great influence on curriculum effectiveness. Instructors also are the actual implementers of the curriculum. Additionally, they guide students in the actual process. Their role reflects their influence on the effectiveness of EETP.

Measuring Exercise Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Women: Psychometric Properties of the Pregnancy-Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (P-ESES)

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen W. Bland ◽  
Bridget F. Melton ◽  
Elaine S. Marshall ◽  
Jacquelyn A. Nagle
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Multiple Correlation ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Multiple Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Original Measure ◽  
Activity Questionnaires

Background and Purpose: This study assessed the psychometric properties of a modified self-efficacy scale—the Pregnancy-Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (P-ESES). Methods: Pregnant women completed the P-ESES and physical activity questionnaires (N = 88). Results: Internal consistency was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha (α = 0.838) and equal-length Spearman–Brown (α = 8.22). Squared multiple correlation coefficients were calculated showing 9 of 10 items with values greater than the desired .5. A nonrotated exploratory principal components analysis confirmed the same 9 of 10 items loaded on a single factor, accounting for 46.1% of the variance. Each item had an acceptable load value of .40 or higher. Conclusions: Initial testing of the P-ESES confirmed validity and reliability with the exception of 1 item from the original measure: “Exercising without physician approval.”

scholarly journals VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE LITHUANIAN VERSION OF PROSOCIAL TENDENCIES MEASURE – REVISED (PTMR)

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (98) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Saulius Šukys ◽  
Edita Šukienė
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Prosocial Tendencies ◽  
Original Measure

Background. The study was carried out with the aim to examine the construct validity and reliability of a Prosocial Tendencies Measure–Revised (PTM-R) (Carlo, Hausmann, Christiansen, & Randall, 2003). Methods. The study process was done following four stages. In stage 1, 984 adolescents between ages of 13 to 16 years (M age = 14.9, SD = 0.97; 50.3% girls) completed a translated version of the scale. In this stage Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) was carried out in order to measure the structure of the PTM-R. In stage 2, 757 adolescents between ages of 13 to 16 years (M age = 14.24, SD = .81; 51.78% girls) completed the questionnaire and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) was made. In stage 3, validity of the PTM-R was investigated. In stage 4, reliability of the measure was tested by evaluating Cronbach’s alpha values. Results. Exploratory Factor analysis of the PTM-R revealed four-factor solutions. A six-factor solution as in original measure was not obtained. Confirmatory factor analysis confirms four-factor structure of PTM-R and supports the multidimensional definition of prosocial behaviour. Three types of prosocial behaviour as anonymity, altruism, and public prosocial behaviour was the same as in the original measure. Other three types of prosocial behaviour emerged as one factor and were entitled as help in emergency. Correlation analyses between prosocial behaviour and different types of aggression showed good level of discriminant validity. Coefficient alpha was used to estimate of reliability based on the internal consistency among items. Alpha coefficients were .85 for help in emergency, .71 for anonymous prosocial behaviour, .68 for altruistic behaviour, and .59 for public prosocial behaviour. Conclusions. In conclusion, the four-factor structure of PTM-R was obtained. Results showed that the adapted measure was valid and reliable for Lithuanian adolescents aged between 13 and 16. Contradiction to the original measure structure and future research directions are discussed.

scholarly journals Using social media as an interactive tool for learning and teaching purposes

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
م.م. فائزة عدنان صالح
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Actual Process ◽  
Technological Education ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Academic Communication

This study explores the fulfilment of  teachers and students in utilizing social media as educational platforms at university of Baghdad, Iraq. It aims to investigate whether the actual process of knowledge attainment and communicative interactions is completed at the virtual atmosphere. The current study includes three facets of social media_ engagement, interpersonal teaching and learning, and school performance. Random selection of (180) digital users at some of academic institutions has participated in the study. The results reveal that recruiters require social media platforms to connect teachers and students virtually. They tend to utilize social media for enhancing teaching and learning route which contributes the development of campus community. Virtual platforms completes the actual process of academic attainment in a meaningful way despite the traditional sense of learning and teaching at the academic level. The results conducted maintain its validity and reliability by means of knowledge dynamics, intellectual capital, and educational expertise.The study recommends experiencing technological education for carrying out relevant tools and applications which activate academic communication and empower guidelines and practices of institutional settings.

scholarly journals Translation and Validation of a Persian Version of the Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire: P-MIPQ

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Baghban Baghestan ◽  
Fatemeh Shahabizadeh ◽  
Toktam Tabatabaee
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Mindful Parenting ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Original Measure ◽  
Translation And Validation

Background and Objective: parenting is an important issue in the growth process of children that affects their health. A new approach in parenting styles is mindful parenting. mindfulness in parenting means taking care of the children with no judgmental approach and having an open welcoming attitude toward children’s actions in the very moment parents and offspring(s) are living in. This study aimed to localize the MIPQ questionnaire into Persian language through translation and validation in order to create a useful valid measure for assessing mindfulness in parenting in Iran. Methods and materials: the MIPQ- original version- was translated through forward-backward translation into Persian, and then was pilot-tested on mothers of children aged 7-12 after confirming the validity of the measure using CVR-CVI method. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to ensure the item-development validity of the measure. To evaluate the factor structure of data, AMOSE (version 24) software was used. In order to assess the reliability of translated version 15 mothers included in the first phase of the study. They filled out the MIPQ questionnaire, and also they filled out simultaneously “parenting scale” by Arnold and O’leary -1993 and MMAS by Brown and Ryan-2003. After having the measure confirmed regarding validity and reliability, it was distributed among 400 mothers of which 306 returned the questionnaire fully administered. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis assessed and it indicated that the two-factor model in the original measure was of a good fit. The total score of the questionnaire and the scores of the two domains (‘Mindfulness’ and ‘Being in the moment with the child’) were correlated significantly positive with the total score of the MAAS and PS. The CVR-CVI of the questionnaire was also confirmed. Conclusion: regarding psychometrics of the measure, according results of our study, it seems that the questionnaire benefits from a highly standard structure and content as well. As one could notice, this study is the second effort for translation and validation of MIPQ which in both the measure could meet the criteria’s requirements. Therefore, it seems that the measure could be a useful standard questionnaire for evaluating mindfulness in parenting. More research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the measure (P-MIPQ) in different kind of people.

Assessing Functional Language in School-Aged Children Using Language Sample Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-636
Author(s):  
John Heilmann ◽  
Alexander Tucci ◽  
Elena Plante ◽  
Jon F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Computer Hardware ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Functional Language ◽  
School Age ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Language Sample Analysis ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability ◽  
Language Sample

Purpose The goal of this clinical focus article is to illustrate how speech-language pathologists can document the functional language of school-age children using language sample analysis (LSA). Advances in computer hardware and software are detailed making LSA more accessible for clinical use. Method This clinical focus article illustrates how documenting school-age student's communicative functioning is central to comprehensive assessment and how using LSA can meet multiple needs within this assessment. LSA can document students' meaningful participation in their daily life through assessment of their language used during everyday tasks. The many advances in computerized LSA are detailed with a primary focus on the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (Miller & Iglesias, 2019). The LSA process is reviewed detailing the steps necessary for computers to calculate word, morpheme, utterance, and discourse features of functional language. Conclusion These advances in computer technology and software development have made LSA clinically feasible through standardized elicitation and transcription methods that improve accuracy and repeatability. In addition to improved accuracy, validity, and reliability of LSA, databases of typical speakers to document status and automated report writing more than justify the time required. Software now provides many innovations that make LSA simpler and more accessible for clinical use. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12456719

What Have We Learned From Physiological Approaches to Characterizing Dysarthria and Other Speech Production Disorders?

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Etter
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Assessment Measures ◽  
Perceptual Assessment ◽  
Perceptual Characteristics ◽  
Diagnostic Resolution

Traditionally, speech-language pathologists (SLP) have been trained to develop interventions based on a select number of perceptual characteristics of speech without or through minimal use of objective instrumental and physiologic assessment measures of the underlying articulatory subsystems. While indirect physiological assumptions can be made from perceptual assessment measures, the validity and reliability of those assumptions are tenuous at best. Considering that neurological damage will result in various degrees of aberrant speech physiology, the need for physiologic assessments appears highly warranted. In this context, do existing physiological measures found in the research literature have sufficient diagnostic resolution to provide distinct and differential data within and between etiological classifications of speech disorders and versus healthy controls? The goals of this paper are (a) to describe various physiological and movement-related techniques available to objectively study various dysarthrias and speech production disorders and (b) to develop an appreciation for the need for increased systematic research to better define physiologic features of dysarthria and speech production disorders and their relation to know perceptual characteristics.

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