Provision of Public Goods and the MCS Experimental Paradigm

1985 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amnon Rapoport
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Subjective Probability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Homogeneity Assumption ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Decision Policies ◽  
Partial Homogeneity ◽  
Subjective Probability Distribution

Van de Kragt, Orbell, and Dawes (1983) reported the results of a series of experiments in which n subjects each receive a monetary endowment and then may choose privately whether to contribute it to a monetary public good; the good is supplied if a prespecified number m < n of contributions or more is made. Decision policies maximizing expected value are derived for this experimental paradigm under three different assumptions about the expectations each individual has about the decisions of the other n – I members: A homogeneity assumption postulating that each other member contributes with fixed probability p, a heterogeneity assumption postulating that the n – I p's are independently selected from a subjective probability distribution, and a partial homogeneity assumption postulating that the n – I members are partitioned into distinct subsets with the same p for all members of each subset. The theoretical and social implications of these assumptions are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Towards a more robust and replicable science of infant development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Infant Development ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Infant Behavior ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Methodological Innovation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Series Of Experiments

If you scroll through the table of contents of Infant Behavior and Development ten years from now, what mix of articles should you find? If the past predicts the future, most articles will be empirical reports: one or a series of experiments conducted at a single site, typically investigating a novel phenomenon or with a new take on a previous experimental paradigm. On the other hand, based on recent changes in psychology more generally, we might expect a broader range of articles. The papers in this special issue provide a compelling template for the kind of careful empirical work combined with methodological innovation that will increasingly characterize the cutting edge of infancy research.

scholarly journals VIII. On the descending degenerations which follow lesions of the gyrus marginalis and gyrus fornicatus in monkeys

1889 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 331-354
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Grant

The following paper contains the record of an investigation into the degenerations which follow lesions of the gyrus marginalis and gyrus fornicatus in Monkeys. The work has been carried on under my direction by Mr. France, with the aid of a grant from the Government Grant Fund, and represents part of a long investigation into the degenerations which follow artificially produced cerebral lesions, the material for which has been furnished by cases operated upon in conjunction respectively with Professor V. Horsley and Dr. Sanger Brown. These cases and the physiological results of the operations have already been published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions.’ The experiments here dealt with, twelve in number, comprise only the lesions of the gyrus marginalis and gyrus fornicatus, and, with one exception (case 12), are taken from the series of experiments performed in conjunction with Mr. Horsley. Of the twelve cases, six were of removal, or attempted removal, of the gyrus marginalis, and six of removal, or attempted removal, of the gyrus fornicatus. But in only one or two instances was the lesion, as determined by post-mortem examination, exactly limited to the convolution which it was attempted to remove, for in most cases the adjacent gyrus was to a certain extent involved in the injury. This was especially the case when removal of the gyrus fornicatus had been attempted, on account of its deep situation, and the difficulty of getting at it without some manipulation of the superjacent gyrus. Nevertheless, the removal of one or the other gyrus was sufficiently complete in all the cases here selected to produce characteristic symptoms and characteristic descending degenerations.

scholarly journals XXI. On the construction of a new calorimeter for determining the radiating powers of surfaces in air; and its application to the surfaces of various mineral substances

1860 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 379-408
Keyword(s):  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Glass Bulb ◽  
Heated Body ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Quantity Of Heat ◽  
Limited Induction

When my paper on the Conductivity of various Substances was presented to the Society, it was intimated to me on the part of the Council of the Society, that it might be advisable to determine absolute instead of relative conductivities, the latter being alone attempted in my previous experiments. It has been partly in consequence of this intimation, as well as from the desire to make my investigations the more complete, that I have given my attention to the construction of a calorimeter which might serve for this purpose. The present communication contains a description of this instrument, with the results which it has enabled me to obtain respecting the absolute quantities of heat which emanate from the surfaces of certain substances under given conditions. 1. When a body is placed in atmospheric air (or any gas), the quantity of heat which is lost from its surface in a given time, when its temperature is higher than that of the surrounding medium, will be greater than if it were placed in a vacuum, other conditions remaining unaltered. In the latter case the heat escapes by simple radiation; in the other case a portion of the heat also escapes in consequence of the contact of the air with the surface of the heated body. Dulong and Petit ascertained by a careful series of experiments, the laws according to which the mercury contained in the bulb of a thermometer cools, or those which govern the quantity of heat which escapes from the surface of the containing bulb, when placed in a vacuum, in air, or in several kinds of gases. These experiments were made with the glass bulb naked, and also when it was silvered, so that the laws of radiation which they established were strictly in reference only to surfaces of glass and those of silver. Certain laws were identical in both these cases, and hence it was concluded, though by a limited induction, that the same laws were applicable to all other surfaces. They did not, however, give the absolute quantity of heat which, under given circumstances, and in a given time, emanates from the surfaces of the glass or silver with which they experimented. The instrument which I have constructed gives very easily this absolute amount of heat, as I believe, with very approximate accuracy.

Specification of retinotectal connexions during development of the toad Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-92
Author(s):  
S. C. Sharma ◽  
J. G. Hollyfield
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Optic Tectum ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Visual Projection ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Right

The specification of central connexions of retinal ganglion cells was studied in Xenopus laevis. In one series of experiments, the right eye primordium was rotated 180° at embryonic stages 24–32. In the other series, the left eye was transplanted into the right orbit, and vice versa, with either 0° or 180° rotation. After metamorphosis the visual projections from the operated eye to the contralateral optic tectum were mapped electrophysiologically and compared with the normal retinotectal map. In all cases the visual projection map was rotated through the same angle as was indicated by the position of the choroidal fissure. The left eye exchanged into the right orbit retained its original axes and projected to the contralateral tectum. These results suggest that retinal ganglion cell connexions are specified before stage 24.

I. On the volumetric relations of ozone and the action of the electrical discharge on oxygen and other gases

1860 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 427-428 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Silent Discharge ◽  
Gaseous Substance ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One

This paper contains the full details of the authors’ experiments on the volumetric changes which occur in the formation of ozone. From three distinct series of experiments, performed by different methods, they show that when ozone is formed from pure oxygen by the action of the electrical discharge, a condensation takes place, as had already been announced in a former Note published in the 'Proceedings.’ But the condensation is much greater than the earlier experiments of the authors on the expansion by heat of electrolytic ozone had indicated. It is, in fact, so great, that if the allotropic view of the constitution of ozone be correct, the density of that body, as compared with oxygen, would be represented by a number corresponding to the density of a solid or liquid rather than that of a gaseous substance. This conclusion follows necessarily from the authors’ experiments, unless it be assumed that when ozone comes into contact with such substances as iodine, or a solution of iodide of potassium, one portion of it is changed back into common oxygen, while the remainder enters into combination, and that these portions are so related to one another, that the expansion due to the one is exactly equal to the contraction arising from the other. For the details of the experiments and of the methods of investigation employed, reference must be made to the original paper. The second part of the communication is devoted to the action of the silent discharge and of the electrical spark on other gases. Hydrogen and nitrogen undergo no change of volume when exposed to the action of either form of discharge. Cyanogen is readily decomposed by the spark, but presents so great a resistance to the passage of electricity, that the action of the silent discharge can scarcely be observed. Protoxide of nitrogen is readily attacked by both forms of discharge, with increase of volume and formation of nitrogen and hyponitric acid. Deutoxide of nitrogen exhibits the remarkable example of a gas which, under the action either of the silent discharge or of the spark, undergoes, like oxygen, a diminution of volume. It also is resolved into nitrogen and hyponitric acid. Carbonic oxide has given results of great interest; but the nature of the reaction has been only partially investigated. The silent discharge decomposes this gas with production of a substance of a bronze colour on the positive wire. The spark acts differently, destroying, as in the case of oxygen, the greater part of the contraction produced by the silent discharge. The authors are engaged in the further prosecution of this inquiry.

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