Candidate Motivation: A Synthesis of Alternative Theories

1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Wittman
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Comparative Statics ◽  
Electoral Behavior ◽  
Type Model ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Alternative Theories ◽  
Issue Space

A formal model of electoral behavior is developed under the assumption that candidates have policy preferences as well as an interest in winning per se. This model is shown to have an equilibrium in a k-issue space when there are two candidates. The implications of this model are compared to the implications of the Downsian-type model where candidates are interested only in winning. Testable propositions are derived via the use of comparative statics. The results of recent studies are shown to coincide with the synthesis model but not the pure Downsian model.The theoretical model bridges the gap between formal theory and empirical research and unifies a variety of seemingly unrelated studies.

Farm capital structure choice: theory and an empirical test

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Wu ◽  
Zhengfei Guan ◽  
Robert Myers
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Credit Risk ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Comparative Statics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Structure Choice ◽  
Capital Structure Choice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a unified theoretical framework that explains farm capital structure choice. Design/methodology/approach – The framework accommodates different credit access scenarios and heterogeneous risk profiles of borrowers. It recognizes that the costs of capital are endogenously determined, reflecting the degree of credit risk and accessibility to credit markets. Based on the proposed model and the comparative statics derived thereof, the paper empirically tests the impacts of different factors on capital structure choice. Findings – Based on the theoretical framework, the paper derived the impacts of different factors on capital structure choice using comparative statics. Results suggest that the potential determinants of capital structure have varying effects at different ranges of leverage. Empirical evidence supports the theoretical model. Originality/value – Despite all of previous work on various aspects of farm capital structure choice, a framework that encompasses each of the different assumptions and scenarios is still lacking. The theoretical model integrates credit risk models and accommodates endogenous cost of capital, providing a comprehensive framework for studying farm capital structure choice and its determinants. The results provide insights that could help policy makers and lenders develop effective instruments to manage, monitor, and influence the financial leverage of farms at different quantiles of debt ratio.

scholarly journals Motivational Determinants of Sexting

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-482
Author(s):  
Kristina Sesar ◽  
Arta Dodaj ◽  
Nataša Šimić
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
Contextual Characteristics

Sexting, defined as the exchange of sexually explicit contents among adolescents and young adults using electronic media, has become a popular topic of interest in the wider public. This paper proposed a theoretical model to explain motivational determinants of sexting behaviour. We reviewed sexting literature to show how multiple empirical confirmed motivational factors can be modelled within our framework. By analysing empirical research, we posited a set of individual characteristics and contextual characteristics that explain sexting behaviour. We offered a systematic review of motivational determinants relevant to capture sexting behaviour and guidelines for future research in this area. We intended by this theory to organize prior research into a more theoretically satisfying approach to study sexting and to encourage researchers to expand the model and use it in future studies.

Minding the Mechanisms: A Discussion of How Mindfulness Leads to Positive Outcomes at Work

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dexter Miksch ◽  
Meghan I. H. Lindeman ◽  
Lebena Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Work Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Mindfulness Practices ◽  
Mediating Mechanisms ◽  
The Many ◽  
Positive Work

Hyland, Lee, and Mills (2015) asserted that the many benefits of mindfulness practices have been underutilized and understudied at work. We agree with the focal article's stance that more research is needed on mindfulness at work. We extend this argument to include a request that future research pays attention to the mechanisms responsible for the effects of mindfulness at work. In this commentary, we (a) briefly discuss the practical importance of understanding the mechanisms by which mindfulness practices lead to positive outcomes, (b) outline the mediating mechanisms proposed by the leading theoretical model of mindfulness effects and how those mediators apply to work, and (c) argue that more rigorous, empirical research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which mindfulness practices lead to positive work outcomes.

In Defense of Comparative Statics: Specifying Empirical Tests of Models of Strategic Interaction

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford J. Carrubba ◽  
Amy Yuen ◽  
Christopher Zorn
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Comparative Statics ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Likelihood Estimator ◽  
Alternative Methodology ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Parametric Relationships ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Beginning in 1999, Curtis Signorino challenged the use of traditional logits and probits analysis for testing discrete-choice, strategic models. Signorino argues that the complex parametric relationships generated by even the simplest strategic models can lead to wildly inaccurate inferences if one applies these traditional approaches. In their stead, Signorino proposes generating stochastic formal models, from which one can directly derive a maximum likelihood estimator. We propose a simpler, alternative methodology for theoretically and empirically accounting for strategic behavior. In particular, we propose carefully and correctly deriving one's comparative statics from one's formal model, whether it is stochastic or deterministic does not particularly matter, and using standard logit or probit estimation techniques to test the predictions. We demonstrate that this approach performs almost identically to Signorino's more complex suggestion.

On Formal Theory and Statistical Methods: A Response to Carrubba, Yuen, and Zorn

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis S. Signorino
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Comparative Statics ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Random Utility ◽  
Random Utility Models ◽  
Utility Models

The recent article by Carrubba, Yuen, and Zorn (2007) (CYZ) attempts to relate the strategic random utility models in Signorino (1999, 2002, 2003) and in Signorino and Yilmaz (2003) to existing game theory practice and to existing statistical techniques. It contributes to this literature by reminding us that comparative statics analysis can be applied to the equilibria of these models. There are a number of claims in CYZ, however, that require clarification. In particular, the article's primary claim is that comparative statics analysis, in combination with one of three proposed statistical estimators, provides a simpler alternative to methods previously advocated. This claim (or combination of claims) is incorrect. When one examines the procedure CYZ recommends, it is no simpler for substantive researchers than anything previously recommended. Moreover, none of the proposed estimators are new: they are exactly the same methods introduced in Signorino (1999, 2003), in Signorino and Yilmaz (2003), in Signorino, Walker, and Bas (2002), and in Bas, Signorino, and Walker (2007).

Preconscious and Postconscious Processes Underlying Construct Accessibility Effects: An Extended Search Model

2000 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Ford ◽  
Erik P. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Search Model ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Central Tenet ◽  
Construct Accessibility

In this article we first review research relevant to current models of assimilation and contrast effects. Second, we introduce a new theoretical model that specifies how preconscious and postconscious processes jointly contribute to the occurrence of assimilation and contrast effects. Furthermore, a central tenet of our model is that the perceiver's information-processing goals (expediency and accuracy goals) regulate these preconscious and postconscious processes, and they thus play an important role in moderating the magnitude of assimilation and contrast effects. We propose that our new theoretical model provides a parsimonious account for existing findings and derives a number of novel hypotheses to be tested by empirical research.

scholarly journals THE MODEL OF TAX EVASION, ITS COHERENCE TO THE PRACTICAL TAX ADMINISTRATION

Ekonomika ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelija Anciūtė ◽  
Rūta Kropienė
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Probability Function ◽  
Comparative Statics ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
Taxable Income ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Tax Audit

In this paper, a theoretical model of tax evasion, proposed by Allingham and Sandmo, is briefly presented. This model tries to explain the taxpayer’s decision to reveal only part of the taxable income and to evade taxes in this way. The main parameters of the model are personal income, the rates of tax and penalty, probability of the tax audit. By the method of comparative statics it is possible, at least partially, to evaluate the influence of changes of the model’s parameters on a person’s decision to evade tax.As some of the assumptions of the Allingam–Sandmo model differ from taxation rules in practice or the model’s conclusions do not match the actual taxpayers’ behaviour, in this paper some criticism and improvements of the proposed model are reviewed. A comparison of the model’s assumptions and actual aspects of the tax administration in Lithuania is also provided.This article contains also a model of tax evasion with regard for the peculiarities of tax administration in Lithuania and the possible corrections of tax audit probability function.

scholarly journals Representation of value and meaning in the structure of vandalism: an empirical study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Kirill V. Zlokazov
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Young People ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to predicting and preventing urban vandalism. In the article described current state of research on structure of vandalism – motives, attitudes, ideas. It is shown that the activity approach can serve as a theoretical basis for study of the internal plan of vandal actions. On its basis, a theoretical model is determined, including the motive of vandalism and the ideas that regulate its implementation. These are the subjective value of vandal action and value that subject attaches to vandal action. The organisation, procedure and results of empirical research are described. Using a sample of young people living in 106 Russian cities (n = 650 people), we study the relationship between subjective ideas about the ability to commit a vandal act, its motives, attributed value and meaning. The results show that there is a conjugate effect of these representations on subjective ability to behave like a vandal. Their interpretation shows the presence of opposite approaches to the assessment of vandalism – from rejection to acceptance.

scholarly journals Economies of Scope and Optimal Due Diligence in Corporate Acquisitions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Reuer ◽  
Arkadiy V. Sakhartov
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Economies Of Scope ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Corporate Acquisitions ◽  
General Recognition ◽  
General Appeal

This study develops a theory of due diligence in corporate acquisitions. Using a formal model, the study situates due diligence in the context of economies of scope, which are often sought by acquiring organizations that have incomplete information about such economies. Relatedness, the key determinant of economies of scope, and ambiguity, the key determinant of incomplete information, are used to derive the optimal due diligence effort and the returns to an acquiring organization that result from that effort. The derived predictions qualify both the general appeal to extensive due diligence and the general recognition of the costliness of due diligence. These predictions can be tested in future empirical research on corporate acquisitions and may guide corporate acquirers on the optimal allocation of their due diligence efforts in the mergers and acquisitions market.

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