Rational Behavior in Politics: Evidence from a Three Person Game

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Riker ◽  
William James Zavoina
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Rational Behavior ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Party Loyalty ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Person Game

A fundamental controversy in political theory from ancient times until the present concerns the rationality of political actors, what it is, if it exists at all, and whether or not humans display it in politics. Many political scientists are impatient with this controversy because it remains open after so much (apparently futile) discussion. But they ought not be. The problem of rationality is necessarily imbedded in even the simplest kinds of political research, where, if overlooked, it can occasion misinterpretation and even outright error.Suppose, for example, in an investigation of legislators one uses the notion of party loyalty as an independent variable to explain behavior. This notion seems simple and straightforward enough and not, therefore, likely to involve one in philosophical controversy. But in fact party loyalty can be interpreted in a variety of ways and the choice among them necessarily involves a choice on one side of the controversy over rationality. Loyalty can be thought of, for example, as a truly independent variable, as a product of political socialization, as an expression of affect, and hence as an essentially irrational motive. On the other hand, it may be thought of as itself dependent on bargains rationally satisfying the preferences of legislators. Such bargains may be either short term or long term so that a legislator's manifest party loyalty may result from a series of advantageous bargains with party leaders on particular bills or from an implied bargain with them on career advantage.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PARTISIPASI MANAJER TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Ikromi Abd Ghani HSB ◽  
Dovi Septiari
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Accounting Information System ◽  
Independent Variable

The development of the business environment in globalization era has been triggered an increasingly tight business competition. Every companies who have an established its own strategies to manage a variety of information, human resources, allocation of funds and others. Accounting information system is a great resources that very valuable to an organization for the smoothness management of the company’s financial and decision making wheter it is to long term and short term, however there are several aspect that can be a factors the effectiveness of the accounting information system, that is manager’s participation. The research is aimed to proves that manager’s participation and manager’s involvement had a positive influence on the effectiveness of accounting information system (AIS) at manufacturing company, especially in the industrial zone Batamindo Mukakuning Batam City. The research method is using regression analysis to proves are the manager’s participation (independent variable) and manager’s involvement (independent variable) gives effect to the effectiveness of information system (dependent variable) or not. The result of this research is shows that variable of manager’s participation and manager’s involvement has a significant influence to the effectiveness of information system. The method is using purposive sampling is done by taking a sampling of the population according to certain criteria.

scholarly journals The Impact of Liquidity on the Capital Structure: Evidence from Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maziar Ghasemi ◽  
Nazrul Hisyam Ab Razak
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Current Ratio ◽  
Debt Level ◽  
Asset Liquidity ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Company ◽  
The Capital Structure

<p class="Content">For many years, liquidity of a company’s asset and its effect on the optimal debt level has been a controversial issue among scholars in finance studies. Prior studies have demonstrated that in some countries, asset liquidity increased debt level while in other countries liquid companies were less leveraged and more regularly financed by their own capital. This study investigates the effect of liquidity on the capital structure among the 300 listed companies in the Main market of Bursa Malaysia from 2005 to 2013 fiscal years. Pooled OLS is applied to investigate the impact of liquidity ratios on different Debt ratios. Liquidity of a company, which is the independent variable of this study, is measured by two common ratios which are: quick ratio and current ratio. Additionally, the Debt/Equity and Debt/Asset ratios represent the capital structures based on the short-term, long-term and total debt. The results show that all the measures of liquidity have significant impacts on all the proxies of leverage. According to the results, Quick ratio has a positive effect on leverage; although, Current ratio is negatively related to leverage. Moreover, short-term debt is more influenced by liquidity compared to long-term debt.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of Capital Structure on Firm’s Performance: Focusing on Non-financial Listed Egyptian Firms

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Sakr ◽  
Amina Bedeir
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Total Debt ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Measure Of Performance ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of capital structure decisions on the performance of the firm. The investigation has been performed using a data of 62 listed non-financial Egyptian firms over a period of fourteen years from 2003-2016. This study used two measures for performance the dependent variable which are ROA and ROE, the most common used measures agreed upon on the majority of previous studies. Whereas, for the independent variable “the capital structure, the study uses the three measures of capital structure which are total debt to total assets (TD), total short-term debt to total assets (STD), and total long-term debt to total assets (LTD). The results showed when using ROA as a measure of performance, a significant negative impact of capital structure (TD, STD, and LTD) exists; while in case of using ROE as a measure of performance, there’s a significant negative impact of capital structure only when using STD, otherwise a positive significant impact of capital structure exist.

scholarly journals LIBERALISASI JASA DISTRIBUSI, MASUKNYA MODAL ASING DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN MODAL DOMESTIK INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-183
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fawaiq
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Distribution Services ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Causality Relationship

The aims of this study are to determine the level of liberalization of the services sector and to analyze a causal relationship between Foreign Direct Investment/FDI (as a result of the liberalization of the distribution service) and Domestic Investment/DI in the sector. The method used in this research are descriptive analysis and Panel-VECM-Granger. The results showed that the degree of liberalization of distribution services, especially related to FEP has not met the target of liberalization of MEA 2015. Hypothesis testing results show that there is a unidirectional Granger-Causality relationship in short-term and long-term between FDI and DI. That relationship is FDI strongly influencing DI in the Indonesian distribution services sector. ECT value of the independent variable of FDI is -1.0, which means that the speed of change in the value of DI that caused by the changes of FDI to achieve a equilibrium is 100 percent per year. Thus it is known that the entry of FDI encourage domestic investment activity in the Indonesian distribution services sector. The results of this study need to be considered in terms of improvement FEP in the distribution services sector. FEP improvement policy will encourage the entry of FDI and indirectly encourages DI.

The New Party Challenge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Haughton ◽  
Kevin Deegan-Krause
Keyword(s):  
Party Systems ◽  
Quality Of Democracy ◽  
New Parties ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Face ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
Election Results

Why are there so many new parties? Why do so few of them survive? And why are they appearing and disappearing in so many more countries these days? Based on hundreds of interviews with party leaders, activists and voters and three decades of election results across Europe, The New Party Challenge introduces new tools for mapping and measuring party systems and develops an integrated conceptual framework for analysing the dynamics of party politics, particularly the birth and death of parties. The book charts and explains the patterns of politics in Central Europe since 1989, and then shows how similar processes are at play on a far wider geographical canvas. The repeated breakthroughs of new parties poses multiple challenges: existing parties that must staunch the outflow of disillusioned voters to fresh alternatives, new parties must figure out how to hold on to those new voters in the face of even newer alternatives, and society as a whole must find a way to pursue long-term policies in a political environment where the roster of political actors is constantly changing. The book underlines the importance of agency and choice in explaining the fate of parties, highlights the salience of the clean versus corrupt dimension of politics, charts the flow of voters in the new party subsystem and emphasizes the dimension of time and its role in shaping developments. The book concludes by reflecting on how the emergence of so many short-lived new parties may affect the health and quality of democracy, and what could and should be done.

scholarly journals PENGARUH TINGKAT PEMBIAYAAN PERBANKAN SYARIAH, JUB DAN PDB TERHADAP SBI SYARIAH PERIODE 2003-2013 DENGAN PENDEKATAN ECM

INFERENSI ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Fitri Amalia
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Research Use ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Independent Variable

The purpose of this research is to analyze in the short term and long term betweenthree independent variable namely: Islamic Banking Financing, Money Supply(JUB) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) against Certificates of Bank IndonesiaSharia (SBIS), a period of 2003-2013.The data used in this research is data quarterly(per three months) of march 2003 until september 2013 which are obtainedfrom the monthly reports economic indicators of the Badan Pusat Statistik andmonthly reports macro of Bank Indonesia.This research use Error CorrectionModel approach to see the short-term and long-term relationship between theindependent variable against the dependent variable. The result showed in thelong term only variable Islamic Banking Financing affect Certificates of BankIndonesia Sharia (SBIS ).While in the short-term Certificates of Bank IndonesiaSharia (SBIS ) affected Islamic Banking Financing and Gross Domestic Product.

scholarly journals Aznar’s war: Understanding Spain’s decision to participate in the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Political Narratives ◽  
The Us ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Invasion Of Iraq

This article seeks to examine what factors influenced the Aznar government’s support of the US-led invasion of Iraq to understand the Spanish symbolic contribution to this operation as part of the Coalition of the Willing, a decision that appeared focused on the short-term benefits for Spain rather than the long-term benefits for Iraq or the international community.Traditional approaches to state behaviour tend to focus on states as the main actors, and on decisions as a means to establish why states behave the way they do, and why states decide to participate in international military operations. However, these approaches seem too superficial and fail to take into consideration domestic dynamics and political narratives employed to justify particular political decisions. A closer look at the political narratives reveals what factors appear to be influential in the decision-making process and help us understand what lies behind states’ support for and contribution to international military operations.The article concludes that in the months leading up to and following the Iraq crisis, it became very clear that the factors that appeared to influence the positions of political actors in Spain were different, and those that constituted the narratives of Aznar’s government were as much a response to the external environment as ideological factors.

scholarly journals An Empirical Investigation on the Relationship Between the Eurozone Zew Index and the Eurozone Stock Markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Nesrin Ceylan ◽  
Turgay Münyas
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Conclusion Section ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the long and short term impact of the Euro ZEW index (ZEW) on the DAX (GDAXI) Germany, FTSE 100 (FTSE) the UK, CAC 40 (FCHI) France, OMXS30 Sweden and CROBEX (CRBEX) Croatia stock market indices using monthly data for the period between February 2008 and December 2020. The Euro ZEW Index was taken as the independent variable, and the index values of Eurozone stock markets were taken as the dependent variables. As a result of the study, the Euro ZEW index was found to have a positive (increasing) statistical significant effect on the DAX, FTSE, OMXS and CRBEX variables. Of the stock markets studied, Croatia CROBEX (CRBEX) index was the most affected index by the change in the Euro ZEW index. The least affected stock market was Germany DAX (GDAXI) index. The effect of the Euro ZEW Index on Euro stock markets was higher in the short-term, and gradually decreasing in the long term. The research findings are discussed in the conclusion section.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF MACROECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE NUMBER OF CORPORATE SUKUK OFFERS IN INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-605
Author(s):  
Haerul Ependi ◽  
Hakiman Thamrin
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Foreign Exchange Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Independent Variable

This study aims to analyze the effect of macroeconomics factors on corporate sukuk in Indonesia in the short and long term. The independent variable is Inflation, Economics Growth, Total Money Supply, Foreign Exchange Rate and Bank Indonesia (BI) Rate. Whereas the dependent variable is the number of sukuk corporations offered. The results of this study indicate that the Inflation, Economics Growth, Total money supply, and BI Rate have no significant effect on the number of corporate sukuk offered. While Foreign Exchange Rate has significant effect on the amount of corporate sukuk that offered. In the short term period, the total money supply has significant influence on the number of sukuk corporations offered while the rest have no significant effect

scholarly journals Analogie historyczne w sytuacji postkolonialnej

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-150
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Krzysztan
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Political Economic

The historical experience of the region on the frontier of civilizations that is the South Caucasus is marked by alternating periods of short-term independence and long-term subordination. The geographical location at the meeting point of the Great Steppe, Asia Minor and Mesopotamia invariably means that political and strategic interests intersect in the region. Thus, since ancient times, the subjugation of the South Caucasus has been a goal within the imperial policies of the powers located south of the Arax River and north of the Great Caucasus range (the most commonly accepted borders of the region). Short-lived periods of formal independence usually did not entail full internal sovereignty and subjectivity in external actions. Different forms of dependency - political, economic, military or cultural and social - defined the internal situation in the region. Historically, the South Caucasus has been stuck between Rome and Persia, Arab caliphates and Byzantium, Turkish states and Persia, being also the object of destructive Mongol and Tamerlan invasions. Since early modernity, the region has been a space of clashing influences and attempts to gain dominance of three imperial ideologies and, at the same time, civilizational visions - Persian (Iranian), Turkish (Ottoman) and Russian (including a somewhat different form of Soviet).

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