scholarly journals Committee Decisions under Majority Rule: An Experimental Study

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris P. Fiorina ◽  
Charles R. Plott
Keyword(s):  
Majority Rule ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Noncooperative Game ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Side Payments ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Committee Decision Making ◽  
The Difference

This article reports the findings of a series of experiments on committee decision making under majority rule. The committee members had relatively fixed preferences, so that the process was one of making decisions rather than one of problem solving. The predictions of a variety of models drawn from Economics, Sociology, Political Science and Game Theory were compared to the experimental results. One predictive concept, the core of the noncooperative game without side payments (equivalent to the majority rule equilibrium) consistently performed best. Significantly, however, even when such an outcome did not exist, the experimental results did not display the degree of unpredictability that some theoretical work would suggest. An important subsidiary finding concerns the difference between experiments conducted under conditions of high stakes versus those conducted under conditions of much lower stakes. The findings in the two conditions differed considerably, thus calling into question the political applicability of numerous social psychological experiments in which subjects had little or no motivation.

scholarly journals Researches on the chemical equivalents of certain bodies

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 123-123
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Whole Number ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Difference

The author examines, by a new series of experiments, the truth of the theory of Dr. Prout and Dr. Thomson, namely, that “all atomic weights are simple multiples of that of hydrogen,” a theory which the late Dr. Turner had maintained is at variance with the most exact analytic researches, and consequently untenable. Although the experiments of Dr. Turner, and the inferences which he drew from them, agree very nearly with those of Berzelius, it still appeared to the author desirable to investigate this subject; and it occurred to him that the inquiry might be conducted in a mode not liable to some of the objections which might be urged against the processes usually employed. Dr. Turner having adopted a whole number, namely 108, as the equivalent of silver, this substance was selected by the author as the basis of his inquiry into the equivalent numbers of chlorine, and some other elementary gases. It appeared to him that the chance of error arising from the fusing of the chloride of silver might be entirely removed, and other advantages gained, by experimenting on silver on a large scale, with such proportions of the substances employed as were deemed to be equivalents; and instead of calculating from the whole product of the fused chloride, to do it merely from the weight of such small portion only, as might arise from the difference between theoretical views and experimental results.

scholarly journals Prosociality in Majority Decisions: A Laboratory Experiment on the Robustness of the Uncovered Set

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jan Sauermann
Keyword(s):  
Majority Rule ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Social Choice Theory ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Uncovered Set ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Empirical Perspective ◽  
Committee Decision Making ◽  
Policy Shifts

Abstract Social choice theory demonstrates that majority rule is generically indeterminate. However, from an empirical perspective, large and arbitrary policy shifts are rare events in politics. The uncovered set (UCS) is the dominant preference-based explanation for the apparent empirical predictability of majority rule in multiple dimensions. Its underlying logic assumes that voters act strategically, considering the ultimate consequences of their actions. I argue that all empirical applications of the UCS rest on an incomplete behavioral model assuming purely egoistically motivated individuals. Beyond material self-interest, prosocial motivations offer an additional factor to explain the outcomes of majority rule. I test my claim in a series of committee decision-making experiments in which I systematically vary the fairness properties of the policy space while keeping the location of the UCS constant. The experimental results overwhelmingly support the prosociality explanation.

Simulation and experimentation of a magnetorheological brake with adjustable gap

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1614-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Li Song ◽  
Dong-Heng Li ◽  
Yan Tao ◽  
Na Wang ◽  
Shi-Chao Xiu
Keyword(s):  
Magnetorheological Fluid ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Wear Property ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Braking Torque ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Analyses ◽  
Magnetostatic Simulation

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the small magnetorheological fluid gap on the braking performance of the magnetorheological brake. In this article, theoretical analyses of the output torque are given first, and then the operating principle and design details of the magnetorheological brake whose magnetorheological fluid gap can be altered are presented and discussed. Next, the magnetic circuit of the proposed magnetorheological brake is conducted and further followed by a magnetostatic simulation of the magnetorheological brakes with different sizes of fluid gap. A prototype of the magnetorheological brake is fabricated and a series of tests are carried out to evaluate the braking performance and torque stability, as well as the verification of the simulation results. Experimental results show that the braking torque increases with the increase in the current, and the difference for the impact of the fluid gap on braking performance is huge under different currents. The rules, which the experimental results show, have an important significance on both the improvement of structure design for magnetorheological brake and the investigation of the wear property under different fluid gaps.

Polyamine-mediated regulation of mouse ornithine decarboxylase is posttranslational

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 5484-5490
Author(s):  
T van Daalen Wetters ◽  
M Macrae ◽  
M Brabant ◽  
A Sittler ◽  
P Coffino
Keyword(s):  
Ornithine Decarboxylase ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Chimeric Protein ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Pulse Label ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Coding Sequence ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Difference

The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is negatively regulated by intracellular polyamines, which thereby mediate a form of feedback inhibition of the initial enzyme in the pathway of their synthesis. This phenomenon has been believed to result, at least in part, from translational regulation. To investigate this further, we performed four series of experiments. First, we found that a chimeric protein encoded by an mRNA containing the ODC 5' leader sequence did not exhibit polyamine-dependent regulation. Second, we showed that transcripts containing the protein-coding sequence of ODC, but no other ODC-derived sequence information, exhibited regulation. Third, we found that the association of ODC mRNA with ribosomes was not altered when intracellular polyamine levels were modulated under conditions previously deemed to cause translational regulation. Last, we carried out experiments to measure the incorporation of [35S]methionine into ODC in polyamine-starved and polyamine-replete cells. Differential incorporation diminished progressively as pulse-label times were shortened; at the shortest labeling time used (4 min), the difference in favor of ODC in polyamine-starved cells was less than twofold. These findings suggest that it is necessary to reevaluate the question of whether polyamines cause alterations of translation of ODC mRNA.

scholarly journals An attempt to determine the adiabatic relations of ethyl oxide

1897 ◽  
Vol 60 (359-367) ◽  
pp. 336-337 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Length ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Mathematical Discussion ◽  
Series Of Experiments

The wave-length of sound in gaseous and in liquid ethyl oxide (sulphuric ether) has been determined by the two first-mentioned of the authors, by means of Kundt’s method, between limits of temperature ranging from 100° C. to 200° C., and of pressure ranging from 4000 mm. to 31,000 mm. of mercury, and of volume ranging from 2·6 c. c, per gram to 71 c. c. per gram. Making use of the same apparatus throughout, the results obtained are to be regarded as comparative, and, by careful determination of the pitch of the tone transmitted through the gas, it is probable they are approximately absolute. The sections of the complete memoir deal with (I) a description of the apparatus employed, (II) the method of ascertaining the weights of ether used in each series of experiments, (III) determinations of the frequency of the vibrating rod, (IV) the calculations of the adiabatic elasticity and tables of the experimental results, and (V) a mathematical discussion of the results. The last section is due to Mr. Rose-Innes.

scholarly journals A Rasch-Based Validation of ELT Certificate-LORT

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Xin Qu
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Candidates ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Efl Teacher ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group Interviews

The present study was executed with the purpose of validating ELT Certificate Lesson Observation and Report Task (ELTC-LORT), which was developed by China Language Assessment to certify China’s EFL teachers by performance-based testing. The ELT Certificate has high-stakes considering its impacts on candidates’ recruitment, ELT in China and quality of education, so it is crucially important for its validation so as to guarantee fairness and justice. The validity of task construct and rating rubric went through a process suited for many-facet Rasch measurement supplemented with qualitative interviews. Participants (N = 40) were provided with a video excerpt from a real EFL lesson, and required to deliver a report on the teacher’s performance. Two raters graded the records of the candidates’ reports using rating scales developed to measure EFL teacher candidates’ oral English proficiency and ability to analyze and evaluate teaching. Many-facet Rasch analysis demonstrated a successful estimation, with a noticeable spread among the participants and their traits, proving the task functioned well in measuring candidates’ performance and reflecting the difference of their ability. The raters were found to have good internal self-consistency, but not the same leniency. The rating scales worked well, with the average measures advancing largely in line with Rasch expectations. Semi-structured interviews as well as focus group interviews were executed to provide knowledge regarding the raters’ performance levels and the functionalities of the rating scale items. The findings provide implications for further research and practice of the Certificate.

scholarly journals POSITIONING IMAGES OF SEGMENTED OBJECTS BASED ON QT CROSS-PLATFORM ENVIRONMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
M. E. Golovkin
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Factor ◽  
Single Image ◽  
Image Scaling ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Scaling Methods ◽  
Cross Platform ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Object Features ◽  
Minimum Ratio

The article provides information about the program developed on the basis of the Qt environment, which allows positioning the original image of an object within the field of attention in order to simplify the procedure for generating object features that are invariant to shift, change scale, and rotate its image. Provides an overview of modern methods and software tools for scaling images. The algorithm of the program and a series of computational experiments is described. During the first series, the program positions the image of a triangle within the field of attention using various scaling methods. According to the results of this series, it was concluded which method of scaling an image of an object gives the least loss of quality. In other series of experiments, the program centers and scales the images of a square and a circle inside the attention field with different sizes of the attention field (selection frame) corresponding to a single image scaling factor. Following the results of each series of xperiments, measurements of the sizes of positioned objects were carried out and the dependence of the ratio of their areas on the scaling factor was established. The difference between the maximum and minimum ratio of the coefficients for each series of experiments is calculated. On the basis of the data obtained, it was concluded that for further work with segmented objects of the scene and their positioning in the field of attention, the size of the selection frame of 256x256 pixels can be considered reference.

An Effect of Air Content on the Occurrence of Cavitation

1960 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Holl
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Coefficient ◽  
Cavitation Number ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Minimum Pressure ◽  
Air Content ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dissolved Air

The simultaneous occurrence of vaporous and gaseous cavitation on hydrofoils is considered. The experimental results show that gaseous cavitation occurs at much higher ambient pressures than that for the vaporous cavitation resulting in desinent-cavitation numbers twice the minimum-pressure coefficient of the hydrofoil. The analysis indicates that the difference between the desinent-cavitation number for the gaseous cavitation and that for the vaporous cavitation is proportional to the dissolved air content and inversely proportional to the square of the velocity.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of Vibrational Acceleration Spread and Comparison Using Three Citrus Canopy Shaker Shaking Tines

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Hu Liu ◽  
Reza Ehsani ◽  
Arash Toudeshki ◽  
Xiang-Jun Zou ◽  
Hong-Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Vibrational Acceleration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Canopy Shaker

The goal of this article is to experimentally study how the vibrational acceleration spreads along the branch shaken by PVC tine, steel tine, and nylon tine for citrus canopy shaking harvesting and to compare the difference. PVC tine and steel tine have potential to be used as shaking rod for citrus canopy shaking harvesting. Nylon tine is a commonly used shaking rod. A tractor-mounted canopy shaker was developed to do the trial. The shaking frequency was set at 2.5 and 5 Hz. Experimental results showed that the vibrational acceleration at the shaking spot is not the highest. Spreading from shaking spot to the stem, it increases evidently. When spreading from stems of the outside subbranch to stems of the nearest inside subbranch, its average decrease percentage is 42%. The overall vibrational acceleration of shaking at 5 Hz is 1.85 times as high as shaking at 2.5 Hz. The overall vibrational acceleration exerted by straight PVC tine and steel tine is 1.77 and 1.97 times as high as that exerted by straight nylon tine, respectively. It is indicated that replacing nylon tine with steel tine or PVC tine helps remove the fruits inside the canopy. Replacing with steel tine is more effective than with PVC tine.

Object Detection Via Flexible Anchor Generation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengxin Ding ◽  
Huan Zhou ◽  
Jinxia Shang ◽  
Xiang Zou ◽  
Minghui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Detection Performance ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Object Size ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Simple Network

This paper designs a method that can generate anchors of various shapes for the object detection framework. This method has the characteristics of novelty and flexibility. Different from the previous anchors generated by a pre-defined manner, our anchors are generated dynamically by an anchor generator. Specially, the anchor generator is not fixed but learned from the hand-designed anchors, which means that our anchor generator is able to work well in various scenes. In the inference time, the weights of anchor generator are estimated by a simple network where the input is some hand-designed anchor. In addition, in order to make the difference between the number of positive and negative samples smaller, we use an adaptive IOU threshold related to the object size to solve this problem. At the same time, we proved that our proposed method is effective and conducted a lot of experiments on the COCO dataset. Experimental results show that after replacing the anchor generation method in the previous object detectors (such as SSD, mask RCNN, and Retinanet) with our proposed method, the detection performance of the model has been greatly improved compared to before the replacement, which proves our method is effective.

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