The Rôle of the Senate in Treaty-Making: A Survey of Four Decades

1934 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denna Frank Fleming
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Senate ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes

The action of the United States Senate upon the large majority of treaties laid before it has been comparatively perfunctory and without important result. Four-fifths of all the treaties submitted to the Senate have been approved by it without any change whatever. Twenty-one per cent have been altered in the Senate, for the most part by changes of words or clauses that later passed the scrutiny of both the President and the foreign powers concerned. Of the 152 treaties amended by the Senate, only one-fifth have been changed so seriously as to compromise or destroy the international agreement proposed. Likewise, the failure of 62 treaties to be approved by the Senate in any form has had serious consequences in not more than a fifth of the situations resulting.Moreover, while all kinds of treaties have incurred the Senate's displeasure, it has consistently emasculated only one type, i.e., those for the pacific settlement of disputes. It is upon the Senate's action on this class of treaties that opinion as to the usefulness of its rôle in treaty-making must divide. To those who believe that a policy of national isolation can and should be maintained, the record of the Senate is not disturbing; it is highly praiseworthy.

Preparing the South Pacific for U.S. Influence: The uss Narragansett in Samoa, 1872

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-28
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Blume
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
New Wave ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Naval Officers ◽  
The U.S

This article explores the diplomatic negotiations that U.S. Navy Commander Richard W. Meade conducted in Samoa in 1872. The resulting agreement that came to be known as “the Meade Treaty” was the first the United States negotiated with Samoa, but scholars usually have not explored the details of it and the process that produced it because the U.S. Senate rejected the treaty. Meade’s motivations and actions in Samoa provide a case study in how the interactions of naval officers, business leaders, islanders, and diplomats converged to produce early U.S. diplomacy in the Pacific. The article sketches the situation in Samoa in 1872 when Commander Meade and his ship, the uss Narragansett, arrived. The role of the United States in the Pacific was changing in the last third of the 19th Century, and Commander Meade’s motivations, influences, and actions illustrate the new wave of U.S. Pacific expansion during the years after the American Civil War.

Immigration, Foreign Nationals, and the U.S. Death Penalty

2020 ◽  
pp. 184-195
Author(s):  
Larry Nackerud ◽  
John R. Barner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Foreign National ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
Optional Protocol ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes

This chapter focuses on the interplay between the policy arenas of immigration and the death penalty in the United States. Central to this interplay is the recognition of foreign national rights on U.S. soil—even when individuals stand accused of committing a capital crime such as murder. The authors provide a sociohistorical background of U.S. immigration policy. Specifically, they address the United Nations, the role of the United States in its development, and its promulgated policies protecting human rights; the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, including Article 36; and Optional Protocol Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes. The chapter focuses on Mexican nationals, who represent 13 of 34 foreign nationals executed in the United States since 1976, despite internationally recognized protections. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the failure of the United States to comply is a clear violation of international human and civil rights standards.

Playing a Follow-the-Leader Strategy on the High Seas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Reich ◽  
Peter Dombrowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Point ◽  
Military Exercises ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
High Seas

This chapter examines an area of policy neglected in the IR literature- that of the form and role of multilateral military exercises, in this case in the Indo-Pacific. The chapter begins with a vignette about the world’s largest - the Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise - in which the Chinese both participate while simultaneously spying on it, with the knowledge of the US who organize the event. The central point of the chapter is to demonstrate how the United States pursues a liberal strategy of leadership in a variety of exercises across the Indo-Pacific.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Cassaniti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World

The final chapter returns the analysis back to mindfulness in the United States, and the lessons learned about how mindfulness is understood differently in Thailand, Burma and Sri Lanka compared with its popular meanings in the United States. Drawing from the experiences of over 100 informants in the Pacific Northwest, the concluding chapter shows how the TAPES of temporality, affect, power, ethics, and selfhood are articulated in different ways by people in the different regions. The chapter includes a concluding discussion of how authoritative discourses about mindfulness move through space and time, and how these lessons may inform larger questions about the role of culture in mental processes around the world.

California’s Regulatory Leadership: Broader Implications

2019 ◽  
pp. 231-244
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Environmental Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Pacific

This concluding chapter reviews the key themes of the book and explores some of the broader implications of this analysis of California's regulatory leadership. Three points are particularly critical: the importance of the local dimension of environmental policies, the role of business in environmental politics, and the limits of environmental regulation. The chapter then discusses the increasingly important role states are playing in environmental protection in the United States and shows how California has economically benefited from its environmental policy leadership. One important reason why California has been able to consistently adopt more stringent regulations than those of the federal government and other states is that many of its improvements in local and state environmental quality have been a source of competitive advantage. The improvements it has made in air quality—most notably in Los Angeles—its protection of the trees in the Sierras and along the Pacific, and its land use controls along the coast and around the San Francisco Bay have all made California a more attractive place to move to, invest in, and visit.

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

1969 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Brown Firmage
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Senate ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
The North ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Nuclear Arms

On March 13, 1969, the United States Senate by a vote of 83 to 15 consented to the ratification of a treaty described as “the most important international agreement brought before the U. S. Senate since the North Atlantic Pact” and “the most important international agreement limiting nuclear arms since the nuclear age began.” Assuming a timely entry into force, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons may delay incarnation of the specter which “haunted” John F. Kennedy:I see the possibility in the 1970's of the President of the United States having to face a world in which 15 or 20 or 25 nations may have these [nuclear] weapons. I regard that as the greatest possible danger and hazard.

The added-value role of industrial and logistics REITs in the Pacific Rim region

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-616
Author(s):  
Yu-Cheng Lin ◽  
Chyi Lin Lee ◽  
Graeme Newell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
The Other ◽  
Portfolio Diversification ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Asset Portfolio

PurposeAs significant listed property investment vehicles, industrial and logistics REITs (I&L REITs) have recently enhanced their property portfolios, often replacing the traditional industrial properties with logistic properties to gain strategic exposure to recent e-commerce trends. This paper aims to assess the investment performance of I&L REITs by assessing the significance, risk-adjusted performance and portfolio diversification benefits of I&L REITs in the Pacific Rim region from July 2011 to December 2018. The strategic property investment implications for I&L REITs are also identified.Design/methodology/approachMonthly total returns from July 2011 to December 2018 were used to analyse the risk-adjusted performance and portfolio diversification benefits for I&L REITs in the United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore. An asset allocation diagram was employed to assess the strategic role of I&L REITs in a mixed-asset portfolio in each case.FindingsI&L REITs generally possessed superior average annual returns compared with the other sub-sector REITs, stocks and bonds in the United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore between July 2011 and December 2018, with desirable portfolio diversification benefits. Importantly, a more significant role for I&L REITs was generally observed in the mixed-asset portfolio compared to the other sub-sector REITs in each of these four markets across the broad portfolio risk spectrum. This reflects I&L REITs delivering enhanced portfolio returns and offering portfolio diversification benefits in a mixed-asset portfolio in the United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore.Practical implicationsProperty investors, particularly property securities funds (PSFs) and income-oriented investors, should consider including I&L REITs in their mixed-asset portfolios, as Pacific Rim–based I&L REITs provided an attractive REIT investment sub-sector, co-existing alongside the other sub-sector REITs and major asset classes in a mixed-asset portfolio in a Pacific Rim context, as well as being a portfolio diversifier. These results confirm the added-value and strategic role of I&L REITs in a mixed-asset portfolio, seeing I&L REITs as an effective investment pathway for I&L property exposure in the Pacific Rim region.Originality/valueThis is the first study to assess the investment performance of I&L REITs in the Pacific Rim region, evaluating their significance, risk-adjusted performance and portfolio diversification benefits, and the role of I&L REITs in a mixed-asset portfolio in the United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore. More importantly, this research is the first paper to provide empirical evidence on I&L REITs, which have often transformed their traditional industrial property portfolios with increased levels of logistics property to gain exposure to recent e-commerce trends. This research enables more informed and practical property investment decision-making regarding I&L REITs and their added-value and strategic role in a mixed-asset portfolio, as well as delivering effective I&L property exposure in the Pacific Rim region, with the added benefits of liquidity, transparency and fiscal efficiency.

Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spiny Dogfish ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Poor Treatment ◽  
Long Life ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Common Misconceptions

Abstract.—Spiny dogfish <em>Squalus acanthias </em>are not well liked by most humans. Their flesh is not esteemed, and they annoy commercial and recreational fishermen because when caught, dogfish delay the rate at which fishermen can catch desired species. This report reviews the remarkably poor treatment of dogfish. We identify some common misconceptions about dogfish held by both the general public and biologists. We discuss why dogfish should and must, by law, be properly managed like any other species. We conclude with a list of items that are needed to ensure that humans are good stewards of dogfish and the ecosystem they share with other species. Dogfish occur commonly off the Pacific coast of Canada and the United States and are a slow growing, long-lived fish that give birth to an average of about seven live babies after a pregnancy of almost 2 years. The role of dogfish in the marine ecosystem is not well understood, but their common abundance and long life indicates that the role is probably important.

scholarly journals On the Role of SST Forcing in the 2011 and 2012 Extreme U.S. Heat and Drought: A Study in Contrasts

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1255-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailan Wang ◽  
Siegfried Schubert ◽  
Randal Koster ◽  
Yoo-Geun Ham ◽  
Max Suarez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Sst Forcing ◽  
The Tropical Pacific

Abstract This study compares the extreme heat and drought that developed over the United States in 2011 and 2012 with a focus on the role of sea surface temperature (SST) forcing. Experiments with the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5 (GEOS-5), atmospheric general circulation model show that the winter/spring response over the United States to the Pacific SST is remarkably similar for the two years despite substantial differences in the tropical Pacific SST. As such, the pronounced winter and early spring temperature differences between the two years (warmth confined to the south in 2011 and covering much of the continent in 2012) primarily reflect differences in the contributions from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, with both acting to cool the east and upper Midwest during 2011, while during 2012 the Indian Ocean reinforced the Pacific-driven, continental-wide warming and the Atlantic played a less important role. During late spring and summer of 2011, the tropical Pacific SST forced a continued warming and drying over the southern United States, though considerably weaker than observed. Nevertheless, the observed 2011 anomalies fall well within the model’s intraensemble spread. In contrast, the observed rapid development of intense heat and drying over the central United States during June and July 2012 falls on the margins of the model’s intraensemble spread, with the response to the SST giving little indication that 2012 would produce record-breaking precipitation deficits and heat. A diagnosis of the 2012 observed circulation anomalies shows that the most extreme heat and drought was tied to the development of a stationary Rossby wave and an associated anomalous upper-tropospheric high maintained by weather transients.

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