Population Dynamics and Life Histories of Foliaceous Corals

1985 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Hughes ◽  
J. B. C. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life Histories

Stochastic population dynamics in populations of western terrestrial garter snakes with divergent life histories

Ecology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1658-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Miller ◽  
William R. Clark ◽  
Stevan J. Arnold ◽  
Anne M. Bronikowski
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Stochastic Population Dynamics

Evolution of Sociality and Nonlinear Population Dynamics

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-113
Author(s):  
Daniel Oro
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Strong Source ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
Threshold Setting

Sociality appears in many life histories during evolution. Some eusocial bees show evolutionary reversions to solitary behaviour, and populations of the same species can be solitary or social, likely depending on local environmental features. Social species need a minimum size to perform adaptive behaviours, such as the search for resources, which is crucial especially under perturbations. This minimum size may become a threshold, setting a phase transition for separating two stable states, from disorganized and maladaptive to organized and adaptive, which also shows hysteresis. The chapter also explores evolution via facilitation or cooperation (e.g. social information) under the theoretical framework of multilevel selection, by which there is likely an effect of the social group’s genes on individual fitness. Perturbations appear as a strong source of evolutionary processes. In humans, warfare acts as a very powerful selective pressure for competition between groups and thus for cooperation. Sociality has also many costs, such as a higher risk for the spread of infectious disease, the appearance of traps by social haunting philopatry, stronger aggression and competition, and a higher risk of being attacked by predators. Finally, the evolution of cultures is explored; optimization of social learning, social copying, and cultural transmission may have nonlinear consequences for population dynamics.

Heritability, polymorphism, and population dynamics: individual-based eco-evolutionary simulations

2021 ◽  
pp. 329-340
Author(s):  
Anna Kuparinen
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Evolutionary Simulations ◽  
Main Message

Contemporary evolution that occurs across ecologically relevant time scales, such as a few generations or decades, can not only change phenotypes but also feed back to demographic parameters and the dynamics of populations. This chapter presents a method to make phenotypic traits evolve in mechanistic individual-based simulations. The method is broadly applicable, as demonstrated through its applications to boreal forest adaptation to global warming, eco-evolutionary dynamics driven by fishing-induced selection in Atlantic cod, and the evolution of age at maturity in Atlantic salmon. The main message of this chapter is that there may be little reason to exclude phenotypic evolution in analyses of population dynamics, as these can be modified by evolutionary changes in life histories. Future challenges will be to integrate rapidly accumulating genomic knowledge and an ecosystem perspective to improve population projections and to better understand the drivers of population dynamics.

Living long by staying small: stem layering as an adaptive life-history trait in shade-tolerant tree seedlings

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry D. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Canopy Trees ◽  
Successional Forests

Suppressed seedling banks are important in replacement dynamics in late-successional forests. However, demographic properties of seedling populations are poorly known, and there has been little attention to traits that might affect fitness in suppressed seedlings. Acer saccharum Marsh., a shade-tolerant dominant in eastern North American forests, frequently develops adventitious roots along prostrate portions of stems (“layering”). Measurements of Acer seedlings in old-growth forests in Michigan indicate that layered seedlings proportionally reduce structural allocations to older layered stem tissues, retain leaf area / height ratios of younger unlayered seedlings, and tend to survive longer. In tree seedlings, allometric consequences of normal stem growth lead to declining ratios of photosynthetic to nonphotosynthetic biomass, which potentially reduces shade tolerance and limiting age. The layering habit may defer this penalty by changing the allometry of growth. Resulting increases in life expectancy should increase chance of access to increased light and of reaching the canopy. Thus, because flowering is generally restricted to canopy trees, the tendency to layer may increase fitness. Properties of individuals in suppressed seedling banks may be selectively and ecologically important, shaping life histories and population dynamics.

The effect of predation on the life histories of Littorina obtusata and Littorina mariae

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gray A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Brown Alga ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Littorina Obtusata ◽  
Fucus Serratus ◽  
Second Year

Littorina obtusata is an epiphytic gastropod which lives for three to four years on its host Ascophyllum nodosum, a long-lived brown alga. Most of the population consists of adults, present throughout the year in the size range 14 to 17 mm. Newly hatched individuals appear between April and October with a peak in July; the immature winkles grow to merge with the adult cohort in May.In contrast Littorina mariae is an annual; newly hatched individuals grow to maturity by the winter of their first year. Those reaching maturity overwinter as adults but very few live beyond spring of their second year. The population dynamics of L. mariae are closely linked with changes in the biomass of the alga Fucus serratus on which it lives.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document