Competition for Hummingbird Pollination and Sequential Flowering in Two Colorado Wildflowers

Nickolas M. Waser

doi:10.2307/1938545

Morphological and Nectar Traits in Echeveria Rosea Lindley (Crassulaceae) Linked to Hummingbird Pollination in Central Veracruz, Mexico

Haseltonia ◽

10.2985/026.019.0104 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 17-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. David Jimeno-Sevilla ◽

Angélica M. Hernández-Ramírez ◽

Juan Francisco Ornelas ◽

Silvana Marten-Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Hummingbird Pollination

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A new species of Cochemiea (Cactaceae, Cacteae) from Sinaloa, Mexico

Acta Botanica Mexicana ◽

10.21829/abm127.2020.1626 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Leccinum Jesús García Morales ◽

Rodrigo Homero González González ◽

Jesús García Jiménez ◽

Duilio Iamonico

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Small Population ◽

Critically Endangered ◽

Herbarium Specimens ◽

The North ◽

Hummingbird Pollination ◽

Diagnostic Key ◽

A New Species

Background and Aims: Cochemiea is a genus which currently comprises five species occurring in Mexico. It is morphologically characterized by cylindrical decumbent to prostrate stems and by a long red-scarlet zygomorphic perianth, presumably specialized for hummingbird pollination. As part ofthe ongoing taxonomic studies on the North Mexican flora, a population discovered by Thomas Linzen in 2012 in central Sinaloa (Mexico), previously identified as Mammillaria sp., actually refers to a Cochemiea species and cannot be ascribed to any of the known species of that genus. As a consequence,we here propose to describe this population as a a new species for science.Methods: The work is based on field surveys (autumn 2018 and spring 2019) in central Sinaloa, examination of herbarium specimens, and analysis of relevant literature. Its conservation status was assessed following the guidelines of the IUCN; AOO and EOO were calculated with the programGeoCAT.Key results: Cochemiea thomasii is described and illustrated from Sinaloa. The new species is morphologically similar to C. halei from which it differs by the hanging stems, the larger conical tubercles, less numerous and shorter central spines, and the ovoid fruits. A diagnostic key of the knownCochemiea species is included.Conclusions: Cochemiea thomasii is endemic to the state of Sinaloa where it occupies a small area. On the basis of the criteria B2a (geographic range) and C (small population) of IUCN, the new species can be assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) or Vulnerable (VU). Adopting the precautionary approach, Cochemiea thomasii is considered as Critically Endangered (CR).

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Reawakening of the beauty: Heliconia montana is distinct from H. venusta (Heliconiaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.400.5.4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 400 (5) ◽

pp. 279

Author(s):

ÁNGELA MORALES-TRUJILLO ◽

MARÍA DEL PILAR SEPÚLVEDA-NIETO ◽

LUIS HERNANDO HURTADO TOBÓN ◽

LILIANA KATINAS ◽

MARÍA JOSÉ APODACA

Keyword(s):

Tropical Forests ◽

Principal Component ◽

Central Andes ◽

Morphological Features ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Hummingbird Pollination ◽

Principal Component Analyses

Heliconia montana and H. venusta are endemic to the tropical forests of the Central Andes. They belong to Heliconiaceae, a family recognized by the showy inflorescences of its members and hummingbird pollination. Both species were already established in 1983 but, just a few years later, the name H. montana was synonymized under the name H. venusta. Observations of populations of both species show that they differ by features evident in the field. A floral morphometric and a Principal Component analyses yielded also a clear cut distinction between H. montana and H. venusta. Therefore, Heliconia montana is reinstated here. The morphological features that differentiate H. montana and H. venusta are discussed, presented in a key, and illustrated with photographs.

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Constrained lability in floral evolution: counting convergent origins of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon and Keckiella

New Phytologist ◽

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02219.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 176 (4) ◽

pp. 883-890 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

Paul Wilson ◽

Andrea D. Wolfe ◽

W. Scott Armbruster ◽

James D. Thomson

Keyword(s):

Floral Evolution ◽

Hummingbird Pollination

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Hummingbird pollination and the diversification of angiosperms: an old and successful association in Gesneriaceae

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2016.2816 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 284 (1852) ◽

pp. 20162816 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Martha Liliana Serrano-Serrano ◽

Jonathan Rolland ◽

John L. Clark ◽

Nicolas Salamin ◽

Mathieu Perret

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Functional Groups ◽

High Frequency ◽

Insect Pollination ◽

Diversification Rates ◽

Extinction Rates ◽

Hummingbird Pollination ◽

Rapid Diversification ◽

Specific Association ◽

Floral Specialization

The effects of specific functional groups of pollinators in the diversification of angiosperms are still to be elucidated. We investigated whether the pollination shifts or the specific association with hummingbirds affected the diversification of a highly diverse angiosperm lineage in the Neotropics. We reconstructed a phylogeny of 583 species from the Gesneriaceae family and detected diversification shifts through time, inferred the timing and amount of transitions among pollinator functional groups, and tested the association between hummingbird pollination and speciation and extinction rates. We identified a high frequency of pollinator transitions, including reversals to insect pollination. Diversification rates of the group increased through time since 25 Ma, coinciding with the evolution of hummingbird-adapted flowers and the arrival of hummingbirds in South America. We showed that plants pollinated by hummingbirds have a twofold higher speciation rate compared with plants pollinated by insects, and that transitions among functional groups of pollinators had little impact on the diversification process. We demonstrated that floral specialization on hummingbirds for pollination has triggered rapid diversification in the Gesneriaceae family since the Early Miocene, and that it represents one of the oldest identified plant–hummingbird associations. Biotic drivers of plant diversification in the Neotropics could be more related to this specific type of pollinator (hummingbirds) than to shifts among different functional groups of pollinators.

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Co-expression clustering across flower development identifies modules for diverse floral forms in Achimenes (Gesneriaceae)

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.8778 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e8778 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wade R. Roberts ◽

Eric H. Roalson

Keyword(s):

Flower Development ◽

Complex Traits ◽

Regulatory Networks ◽

Linear Models ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Flower Color ◽

Evolutionary Rates ◽

Pollination Syndrome ◽

Pollination Syndromes ◽

Hummingbird Pollination

Background Genetic pathways involved with flower color and shape are thought to play an important role in the development of flowers associated with different pollination syndromes, such as those associated with bee, butterfly, or hummingbird pollination. Because pollination syndromes are complex traits that are orchestrated by multiple genes and pathways, the gene regulatory networks have not been explored. Gene co-expression networks provide a systems level approach to identify important contributors to floral diversification. Methods RNA-sequencing was used to assay gene expression across two stages of flower development (an early bud and an intermediate stage) in 10 species of Achimenes (Gesneriaceae). Two stage-specific co-expression networks were created from 9,503 orthologs and analyzed to identify module hubs and the network periphery. Module association with bee, butterfly, and hummingbird pollination syndromes was tested using phylogenetic mixed models. The relationship between network connectivity and evolutionary rates (dN/dS) was tested using linear models. Results Networks contained 65 and 62 modules that were largely preserved between developmental stages and contained few stage-specific modules. Over a third of the modules in both networks were associated with flower color, shape, and pollination syndrome. Within these modules, several hub nodes were identified that related to the production of anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments and the development of flower shape. Evolutionary rates were decreased in highly connected genes and elevated in peripheral genes. Discussion This study aids in the understanding of the genetic architecture and network properties underlying the development of floral form and provides valuable candidate modules and genes for future studies.

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Chemical Basis of Floral Color Signals in Gesneriaceae: The Effect of Alternative Anthocyanin Pathways

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2020.604389 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Ezgi Ogutcen ◽

Karine Durand ◽

Marina Wolowski ◽

Laura Clavijo ◽

Catherine Graham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Flower Color ◽

Pollination Syndromes ◽

Angiosperm Evolution ◽

Ecological Diversification ◽

Floral Color ◽

Wide Range ◽

Hummingbird Pollination ◽

Color Signals ◽

Physical And Chemical

Changes in floral pigmentation can have dramatic effects on angiosperm evolution by making flowers either attractive or inconspicuous to different pollinator groups. Flower color largely depends on the type and abundance of pigments produced in the petals, but it is still unclear whether similar color signals rely on same biosynthetic pathways and to which extent the activation of certain pathways influences the course of floral color evolution. To address these questions, we investigated the physical and chemical aspects of floral color in the Neotropical Gesnerioideae (ca. 1,200 spp.), in which two types of anthocyanins, hydroxyanthocyanins, and deoxyanthocyanins, have been recorded as floral pigments. Using spectrophotometry, we measured flower reflectance for over 150 species representing different clades and pollination syndromes. We analyzed these reflectance data to estimate how the Gesnerioideae flowers are perceived by bees and hummingbirds using the visual system models of these pollinators. Floral anthocyanins were further identified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. We found that orange/red floral colors in Gesnerioideae are produced either by deoxyanthocyanins (e.g., apigenidin, luteolinidin) or hydroxyanthocyanins (e.g., pelargonidin). The presence of deoxyanthocyanins in several lineages suggests that the activation of the deoxyanthocyanin pathway has evolved multiple times in the Gesnerioideae. The hydroxyanthocyanin-producing flowers span a wide range of colors, which enables them to be discriminated by hummingbirds or bees. By contrast, color diversity among the deoxyanthocyanin-producing species is lower and mainly represented at longer wavelengths, which is in line with the hue discrimination optima for hummingbirds. These results indicate that Gesnerioideae have evolved two different biochemical mechanisms to generate orange/red flowers, which is associated with hummingbird pollination. Our findings also suggest that the activation of the deoxyanthocyanin pathway has restricted flower color diversification to orange/red hues, supporting the potential constraining role of this alternative biosynthetic pathway on the evolutionary outcome of phenotypical and ecological diversification.

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