On the Distance between Income Distributions

Econometrica ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Shorrocks
Keyword(s):  
Income Distributions

scholarly journals Income inequality in the 21st century — A biased summary of Piketty’s capital in the twenty-first century

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 1630001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Stauffer
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
21St Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Twenty First Century

Capital usually leads to income and income is more accurately and easily measured. Thus, we summarize income distributions in USA, Germany, etc.

scholarly journals Hidden Inequality: How Much Difference Would Adjustment for Illicit Financial Flows Make to National Income Distributions?

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Cobham ◽  
William Davis ◽  
Gamal Ibrahim ◽  
Andy Sumner
Keyword(s):  
National Income ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
Recent Innovation ◽  
Illicit Flows ◽  
Illicit Financial Flows ◽  
Using Data

AbstractA recent innovation in measuring inequality is the incorporation of adjustments to top incomes using data from tax authorities, revealing higher inequality. The thesis of this paper is that the incorporation of estimates of income from illicit financial flows (IFF), reflecting untaxed capital, may be as significant to national inequality – but with greater variation across countries. We propose a method of adjusting national inequality data for illicit flows, and present preliminary results. These estimates suggest that untaxed illicit flows could be as important as (taxed) top incomes to estimates of inequality – highlighting the importance of improving estimates of underlying illicit flows.

scholarly journals Postcensal Estimates of Household Income Distributions

Demography ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois Fonseca ◽  
Jeff Tayman
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Income Distributions

scholarly journals Analyzing the Gender Gap in Poland and Italy, and by Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-447
Author(s):  
Francesca Greselin ◽  
Alina Jȩdrzejczak
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Women's Earnings

AbstractHigh-income inequality, accompanied by substantial regional differentiation, is still a great challenge for social policymakers in many European countries. One of the important elements of this phenomenon is the inequality between income distributions of men and women. Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, the distributions of income for Italy and Poland were compared, and the gender gap in these countries was assessed. No single metric can capture the full range of experiences, so a set of selected tools were adopted. The Dagum model was fitted to each distribution, summary measures, like the Gini and Zenga inequality indices, were evaluated, and the Zenga curve was employed to detect changes at each income quantile. Afterward, empirical distributions were compared through a relative approach, providing an analytic picture of the gender gap for both countries. The analysis moved beyond the typical focus on average or median earnings differences, towards a focus on how the full distribution of women’s earnings relative to men’s compares. The analysis was performed in the different macroregions of the two countries, with a discussion of the results. The study revealed that income inequality in Poland and Italy varies across gender and regions. In Italy, the highest inequality was observed in the poorest region, i.e. the islands. On the contrary, in Poland, the highest inequality occurred in the richest region, the central one. The relative distribution method was a powerful tool for studying the gender gap.

scholarly journals Gender differences in income distributions in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-232
Author(s):  
Julia Włodarczyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Quantile Regressions ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Monitoring ◽  
Kernel Density Estimates

The paper presents results of a descriptive analysis of income distributions as well as top income inequality among women and men in Poland. The analysis is based on the dataset provided by the Council for Social Monitoring (2019). Throughout 2003–2015 their panel survey included, for example, a question on individual net monthly income in the past three months. In order to reduce differences associated with the age of entering and exiting the labour market on declared income levels (especially pensions), the calculations include only women and men aged 25–60 years. The analysis of income distributions of women and men in Poland is based on standard measures such as mean income, median income and related measures, as well as the Gini coefficient, Theil index and entropy index. It is supplemented by kernel density estimates and results of simultaneous quantile regressions that demonstrate differences between women and men across income groups. The analysis of top income inequality includes comparisons of subsamples consisting of top 3% earners in each group. The share of women in the top percentiles is then calculated and discussed. The analysis shows different dynamics related to the incomes of women and men, which provides support for including business cycle considerations in the analysis of income inequalities and their gender aspects.

scholarly journals The future of the global food system

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1554) ◽  
pp. 2769-2777 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Charles J. Godfray ◽  
Ian R. Crute ◽  
Lawrence Haddad ◽  
David Lawrence ◽  
James F. Muir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food System ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Wild Food ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Growth Changes

Although food prices in major world markets are at or near a historical low, there is increasing concern about food security—the ability of the world to provide healthy and environmentally sustainable diets for all its peoples. This article is an introduction to a collection of reviews whose authors were asked to explore the major drivers affecting the food system between now and 2050. A first set of papers explores the main factors affecting the demand for food (population growth, changes in consumption patterns, the effects on the food system of urbanization and the importance of understanding income distributions) with a second examining trends in future food supply (crops, livestock, fisheries and aquaculture, and ‘wild food’). A third set explores exogenous factors affecting the food system (climate change, competition for water, energy and land, and how agriculture depends on and provides ecosystem services), while the final set explores cross-cutting themes (food system economics, food wastage and links with health). Two of the clearest conclusions that emerge from the collected papers are that major advances in sustainable food production and availability can be achieved with the concerted application of current technologies (given sufficient political will), and the importance of investing in research sooner rather than later to enable the food system to cope with both known and unknown challenges in the coming decades.

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