"The Cost and Efficiency of Distribution in the Soviet Union": Comment

1963 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Myron H. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Cost

Emancipation and Domesticity: Decoding Personal Manuscript Cookbooks from the Soviet Union

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Anastasia Lakhtikova
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Ideology ◽  
The Cost

A product of their time and of the internalized Soviet ideology that to a great extent shaped women's gendered self-fashioning as women and mothers, Soviet manuscript cookbooks became popular among Soviet women in the late 1960s. Based on the semiotic reading of two personal manuscript cookbooks in the author's family, this article explores what these cookbooks, in combination with the author's family history, tell about how Soviet women used and reshaped the gender roles available to them in late Soviet everyday life. The author also asks questions about the cost of emancipation in a society that could not truly support such progress socially or economically.

Power and Military Impotence

Worldview ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Seymour Melman
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Military Power ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Military Security ◽  
Special Force ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Military

After twenty-five years of a nuclear-military arms race, it is possible to define significant limits of military power for national security. These limits apply with special force to the nuclear superpowers. These same limits of military power also define new requirements for a disarmament process.Underlying the long discussion of disarmament among nations has been the understanding that lowered levels of armaments produce mutual advantage: the prospect of physical destruction is reduced; and the cost of armaments can be applied to constructive uses. The arms race from 1946 to 1971 between the United States and the Soviet Union has not improved the military security of either nation, and the economic cost to these two countries has exceeded $1,500 billion.

International Whaling Commission

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-702 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Association ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Whaling Commission ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Cost

The eighth annual meeting of the International Whaling Commission took place in London July 16–20, 1956, under the chairmanship of Dr. G. J. Lienesch (Netherlands). All seventeen contracting governments, with the exception of Brazil, were represented, with observers from Italy, Portugal, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, and the International Association of Whaling Companies. During the deliberations the Commission 1) received from the Bureau of International Whaling Statistics data on the operations and the catch for the past season; 2) received various scientific papers concerning the stocks of whales, and almost unanimously favoring a substantial reduction in the catch in view of evidence that the stock was declining, recommended that the catch for future seasons should not exceed 15,000 blue whale units, and, with one dissentient, recommended that the limit should be reduced in the 1956–1957 season to 14,500 blue whales; 3) after examining the returns rendered in respect of infractions of the whaling regulations, noted that, in general, there had been a decrease over the previous year; 4) received further confirmation from the Commissioner of the Soviet Union of the use of fenders of porous rubber to replace the present use of whale carcases for this purpose; 5) allocated an equivalent of $1400 towards the cost of whale marking; and 6) requested the United States to prepare a protocol for the amendment of the convention requiring every factory ship to have on board two inspectors who were generally of the same nationality as the flag of the ship, to permit consideration of a scheme to appoint independent observers in addition to the national inspectors.

Cuba's Quest for Economic Independence

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM M. LEOGRANDE ◽  
JULIE M. THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Fidel Castro ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Trade Partner ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Cost

Since the colonial era Cuba has been the paradigmatic case of a monocultural export economy, dependent upon the production of one primary commodity – sugar – for sale to one principal trade partner. Overcoming dependency was a high priority for Fidel Castro in 1959, yet despite a promising start, his efforts proved ultimately unsuccessful. Only the collapse of communism in Europe freed Cuba from dependent trade relations with the Soviet Union – albeit at the cost of enormous economic disruption. This article examines Cuba's post-1959 pursuit of economic independence, first to explain why the government's initial successes proved unsustainable in the 1980s, and then to examine Cuba's attempt to reinsert its economy into the global market in the aftermath of the Cold War.

scholarly journals British Requiem for the Peasantry in the USSR: Gareth Jones and Malcolm Muggeridge

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-145
Author(s):  
Tatiana N. Krasavchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Pulitzer Prize ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Radical Transformation

The subject of this interdisciplinary article is the case of British journalists Gareth Jones and Malcolm Muggeridge. In 1933 they were the first and the only ones to draw the world’s attention to the tragedy in the USSR: Soviet power destroyed the foundation of traditional Russian society, i.e. the peasantry — for the sake of the rapid industrialisation of the country, the socialisation of agriculture and the radical transformation of man. The price of this new “main revolution” (according to G. Jones) or experiment, which originated in the brains of “rootless urbanists” — Bolsheviks (Muggeridge) were human-induced famine, death of millions of peasants in Ukraine, Volga, Cuban, and Rostov-on-Don regions. But fascinated by the embodiment of the idea of utopia, as well as proceeding from the interests of Realpolitik, the West ignored this tragedy. The article examines the conflict between the personality — Jones and society, Soviet and Western, as evidence to the fact that “a man can be destroyed but not defeated” (Hemingway). The subject of “famine” was developed in the works of A. Koestler, G. Orwell, research of R. Conquest, D. Rayfield, who in their ideas and opinions followed Jones and Muggeridge. Views on Russia of the latter ones and of an influential New York Times correspondent in Moscow — Walter Duranty, who in 1932 got a Pulitzer prize for his deceitful reports denying the famine in the Soviet Union, are presented here as ethically and culturally opposite: Stalin’s apologist Duranty viewed Russia as a country of Asians, of born slaves; Jones and Muggeridge saw it as a tragic country which was losing its mighty human potential — peasantry and natural course of development, and both of them anticipated the collapse of the Soviet regime. And the Soviet civilization collapsed, though 60 years later, for it was doomed: it is impossible to build Heaven on blood — to achieve world harmony at the cost of “a tear of a child” (Dostoevsky), i. e. the suffering of innocent people.

scholarly journals Behind the Five-Year Plan: the Timber Processing Complex of the USSR in Annual Plans for 1935–1937

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-177
Author(s):  
Ivan V. Zykin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Target Values ◽  
The Cost

Introduction. The timber processing complex became an important component of the project of “socialist industrialization” of the late 1920s – early 1940s in the Soviet Union. The first five-year plan was not implemented by the industry, despite a significant increase in indicators compared to the period of the “new economic policy”. The development of the forest industry in the second five-year plan should have become more balanced and not lose dynamism. During this period, the economic structure of the industry was relatively homogeneous. An analysis of the indicators of annual national economic plans in the context of the second five-year plan becomes relevant. Historiography of the period of “socialist industrialization” and, in particular, 1933–1937 consists mainly of studies of foreign and domestic scientists on the Soviet economy and works on the history of the forest industry of certain regions. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the concept of modernization. Based on the information of the second five-year plan and annual plans, series of data on the development of the timber processing complex of the Soviet Union were formed. Results. At the beginning of the second five-year plan, the industry experienced stagnation of production and financial indicators, failure to fulfill annual plans. Then, as capital investments increased, the construction of enterprises was completed, capacities were developed, new forms of socialist competition developed, the timber processing complex demonstrated a significant improvement in the results of activities. Labor productivity increased at a relatively high rate in the fields of machining and deep processing of wood, but slowly grew in the field of timber harvesting. Unsatisfactory tasks were performed to reduce the cost of production. Conclusions. The main volumes of work in the timber processing complex were carried out by the Narkomles (People’s Committee of Forest Industry) of the USSR. In 1935–1936 it became possible to approach the target values of the second five-year plan, which, however, was not fully implemented due to the beginning of mass repressions and the transfer of part of the enterprises to forced labor camps. Summing up the planned and actual results of the timber processing complex for 1933–1937 showed that the industry fulfilled the five-year plan by 80–90 %, and in some areas surpassed it.

ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE TIMBER PROCESSING COMPLEX OF THE URALS DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
IVAN ZYKIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Industry Structure ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Cost

During the Great Patriotic War, the forest industry of the Urals played an important role in the economy of the region and the Soviet Union. Based on the statistical data put into circulation by researcher A.A. Antoufiev, an analysis of the dynamics of the cost of production fixed assets and gross products in the forest industry of the Urals, including per worker, was undertaken. Due to the enemy’s seizure of part of the western territories of the country, thanks to the availability of forests available for operation, enterprises built and reconstructed in the years of the first five-year plans, equipment evacuation, and the fulfillment of defense orders, the share of this sector of the Urals in the production and value of the country’s forest industry increased. However, in the cost of gross products of the region, the share of the forest industry decreased due to the active development of engineering, metallurgy, and arms production. In the forest industry structure, the higher values of production funds and products per worker were in the pulp and paper and plywood industries, the lowest in the field of forest resources. Conclusions were made about an increase in the cost of funds in the Ural forest industry, a slight decrease in the cost of gross products, a lag in the actual labor productivity of workers from the indicators of industry in the region and the Soviet Union.

scholarly journals Between «dual liberation» and occupation: Bulgarian society on the outcome of World War II

2020 ◽  
pp. 410-433
Author(s):  
Petya Dimitrova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Central Control ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Cost

The research is devoted to the perception of the contemporary Bulgarian society of the «dual liberation» thesis, i.e. the assertion that Russia, after liberating Bulgaria from the Turkish rule in 1878, also liberated her from the German Nazis in 1944. The review of the historians’ disputes and of the heated debates in public space is concentrated around the second liberation and is connected with the analysis of several issues. First, the declaration of war by the Soviet Union on Bulgaria, which led to the inclusion of Moscow in the peace talks of the Western forces with Sofia and the conclusion of armistice, according to which the Central Control Commission under the leadership of the Soviet High Command was established and the country was put under an occupation regime. Second, the cost for the Bulgarians to maintain Soviet occupation troops is also estimated. And finally, it is considered what fate of the Soviet army monuments built in different locations in Bulgaria during the period 1944–1989 should expect.

Monolithic Socialism

2019 ◽  
pp. 222-267
Author(s):  
A. James McAdams
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
National Narrative ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
European Parties ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
The Cost

This chapter demonstrates how those parties that came into being as a result of their leaders' long years in Moscow and their postwar dependence on the support of the Red Army's troops were at a monumental disadvantage. Importantly, their association with the Soviet Union meant that they were deprived of the national narrative; indeed, they were regarded by their populations as agents of an enemy power. Since most of the Eastern European parties fell into this category, it is no wonder that they welcomed the black-and-white simplicity of the Communist Information Bureau, or Cominform. There was a cost to this conformity, however. Their acceptance of a Stalinist, state-centered model of leadership meant that they, like their Soviet overseers, were prepared to sacrifice the motivating idea of communist party rule. Given the fact that they had few alternative sources of legitimation than state power, most paid this price, even at the cost of ignoring their national identities.

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