Peruvian Social Mobility: Revolutionary and Developmental Potential

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Chaplin
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Price Structure ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
Transitional Type

While Peru's economic development is highly influenced by its resource endowment and the price structure of its exports, the style of industrialization will be determined in large part by the type and amount of social mobility its class structure permits. Although similar ethnically to Guatemala and Bolivia, Peru so far has managed to forestall a basic social revolution and has developed under one of the most private “free enterprise” regimes in Latin America. It should therefore be interesting to examine the type of class structure and social mobility that underlies this stage of development.In terms of a model of the process of industrialization, I shall emphasize the distinctive features of the transitional stage. It seems that a folk-urban, traditional-modern dichotomy—or even a transitional type that is merely halfway between these extremes—is not adequate.

scholarly journals Transcriptome dynamics in early in vivo developing and in vitro produced porcine embryos

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera A van der Weijden ◽  
Meret Schmidhauser ◽  
Mayuko Kurome ◽  
Johannes Knubben ◽  
Veronika L Flöter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Molecular Signaling Pathways ◽  
Canonical Pathways

Abstract Background: The transcriptional changes around the time of embryonic genome activation in pre-implantation embryos indicate that this process is highly dynamic. In vitro produced porcine blastocysts are known to be less competent than in vivo developed blastocysts. To understand the conditions that compromise developmental competence of in vitro embryos, it is crucial to evaluate the transcriptional profile of porcine embryos during pre-implantation stages. In this study, we investigated the transcriptome dynamics in in vivo developed and in vitro produced 4-cell embryos, morulae and hatched blastocysts.Results: In vivo developed and in vitro produced embryos displayed largely similar transcriptome profiles during development. Enriched canonical pathways from the 4-cell to the morula transition that were shared between in vivo developed and in vitro produced embryos included oxidative phosphorylation, tRNA charging, and EIF2 signaling. The shared canonical pathways from the morula to the hatched blastocyst transition were 14-3-3-mediated signaling, signaling of Rho family GTPases, and NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response. The in vivo developed and in vitro produced hatched blastocysts were compared to identify molecular signaling pathways indicative of lower developmental competence of in vitro produced hatched blastocysts. A higher metabolic rate and expression of the arginine transporter SLC7A1 were found in in vitro produced hatched blastocysts.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that embryos with compromised developmental potential are arrested at an early stage of development, while embryos developing to the hatched blastocyst stage display largely similar transcriptome profiles, irrespective of the embryo source. The hatched blastocysts derived from the in vitro fertilization-pipeline showed an enrichment in molecular signaling pathways associated with lower developmental competence, compared to the in vivo developed embryos.

Overexpression of HOX11 Leads to the Immortalization of Embryonic Precursors With Both Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Potential

Blood ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Keller ◽  
Charles Wall ◽  
Andrew Z.C. Fong ◽  
Teresa S. Hawley ◽  
Robert G. Hawley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
Cytokine Responsiveness ◽  
American Society

Abstract Primitive and definitive erythropoiesis represent distinct hematopoietic programs that differ with respect to stage of development, transcriptional control, and growth regulation. Although these differences have been recognized for some time, the relationship of the two erythroid lineages to each other is not well established. We have used a model system based on the hematopoietic development of embryonic stem (ES) cells in culture to investigate the origins of the earliest hematopoietic populations. Using ES cells transduced with a retrovirus that overexpresses the HOX11 gene, we have established factor-dependent hematopoietic cell lines that represent novel stages of embryonic hematopoiesis. Analysis of three of these cell lines indicates that they differ with respect to cytokine responsiveness, cell surface markers, and developmental potential. Two of the cell lines, EBHX1 and EBHX11, display the unique capacity to generate both primitive and definitive erythroid progeny as defined by morphology and expression of βH1 and βmajor globin. The third line, EBHX14, has definitive erythroid and myeloid potential, but is unable to generate cells of the primitive erythroid lineage. Analysis of the cytokine responsiveness of the two lines with primitive erythroid potential has indicated that exposure to leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) results in the upregulation of βH1 and a change in cellular morphology to that of primitive erythrocytes. These findings are the first demonstration of a clonal cell line with primitive and definitive hematopoietic potential and support the interpretation that these lineages may arise from a common precursor in embryonic life. In addition, they suggest that LIF could play a role in the regulation of primitive erythropoiesis. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.

Overexpression of HOX11 Leads to the Immortalization of Embryonic Precursors With Both Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Potential

Blood ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Keller ◽  
Charles Wall ◽  
Andrew Z.C. Fong ◽  
Teresa S. Hawley ◽  
Robert G. Hawley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
Cytokine Responsiveness ◽  
American Society

Primitive and definitive erythropoiesis represent distinct hematopoietic programs that differ with respect to stage of development, transcriptional control, and growth regulation. Although these differences have been recognized for some time, the relationship of the two erythroid lineages to each other is not well established. We have used a model system based on the hematopoietic development of embryonic stem (ES) cells in culture to investigate the origins of the earliest hematopoietic populations. Using ES cells transduced with a retrovirus that overexpresses the HOX11 gene, we have established factor-dependent hematopoietic cell lines that represent novel stages of embryonic hematopoiesis. Analysis of three of these cell lines indicates that they differ with respect to cytokine responsiveness, cell surface markers, and developmental potential. Two of the cell lines, EBHX1 and EBHX11, display the unique capacity to generate both primitive and definitive erythroid progeny as defined by morphology and expression of βH1 and βmajor globin. The third line, EBHX14, has definitive erythroid and myeloid potential, but is unable to generate cells of the primitive erythroid lineage. Analysis of the cytokine responsiveness of the two lines with primitive erythroid potential has indicated that exposure to leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) results in the upregulation of βH1 and a change in cellular morphology to that of primitive erythrocytes. These findings are the first demonstration of a clonal cell line with primitive and definitive hematopoietic potential and support the interpretation that these lineages may arise from a common precursor in embryonic life. In addition, they suggest that LIF could play a role in the regulation of primitive erythropoiesis. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.

79 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES LEVEL IN CULTURED PORCINE EMBRYOS AFTER HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
M. Romek ◽  
M. Kucia ◽  
B. Gajda ◽  
Z. Smorag
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
High Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Molecular Probes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Stage Of Development

Our recent study (Romek et al., Proc. of 29th Scientific Meeting of A.E.T.E., 2013, 196) demonstrated that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) decreased the potential of the inner mitochondrial membrane in porcine embryos from morula to blastocyst stage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find out if HHP treatment of cultured porcine embryos has an effect on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells. Gilts were superovulated and inseminated using standard methods. Then zygotes were surgically collected after flushing the oviducts of the donors gilts 22 to 24 h after insemination. Obtained zygotes were cultured in NCSU-23 (North Carolina State University-23) medium up to the blastocyst stage, in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2 in air at 39°C. In the experimental group, embryos at zygote, 2- to 4-cell, 8- to 16-cell, morula and blastocyst stages were treated with 20 MPa of hydrostatic pressure (HHP100, Cryo-Innovation Ltd., Szeged, Hungary) for 60 min at 39°C with an interval of 60 min between HHP treatment and subsequent embryo staining. For the control group of embryos at the same stage of development, the HHP treatment was omitted. An additional group of blastocysts derived after culture was analysed 4 h after the HHP treatment. ROS level was measured using 5 μM CM-H2DCFDA fluorescent dye (Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, OR, USA). Embryos from the experimental and control groups were stained for 30 min at 39°C and then analysed under a Nikon Eclipse microscope equipped with a CCD camera. The total amount of fluorescence emitted from each individual embryo was measured. The data (in arbitrary unit) were analysed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test. After HHP zygote treatment, the percentage of obtained blastocysts was 67.01, whereas in control group it was 63.95 (P < 0.05). ROS level proportional to the measured amount of fluorescence (mean ± standard error of the mean) was 9.15 ± 2.70 (n = 15), 7.11 ± 2.46 (n = 18), 8.67 ± 2.4 (n = 19), 11.47 ± 1.94 (n = 29), and 54.74 ± 2.28 (n = 21) for zygote, 2- to 4-cell, 8- to 16-cell, morula, and blastocyst stage of the control group, respectively. After HHP treatment, the ROS level was 7.39 ± 2.4 (n = 19), 6.66 ± 2.28 (n = 21), 9.14 ± 2.61 (n = 16), 7.23 ± 2.28 (n = 21), 33.06 ± 2.4 (n = 19) for zygote, 2- to 4-cell, 8- to 16-cell, morula, and blastocyst stage, respectively, and 35.57 ± 2.4 (n = 10) for blastocyst 4 h after HHP treatment. In conclusion, (1) HHP treatment of porcine zygotes improve embryo developmental potential; (2) ROS level in both control and experimental groups remained unchanged up to morula stage, whereas at the blastocyst stage, after HHP treatment ROS level significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in comparison with nontreated blastocysts; (3) HHP treatment on porcine blastocysts resulted in a lowered level of ROS that remained unchanged for 4 h. These results suggest that HHP treatment could improve the quality of cultured porcine blastocysts. The project was funded by the National Science Centre based on decision number DEC-2012/07/B/NZ9/01326.

The Role of Education in the Social Mobility of Dutch Cohorts, 1908–74

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-195
Author(s):  
Richard Breen ◽  
Ruud Luijkx ◽  
Eline Berkers
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Service Class ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Fluidity

The Netherlands is well known for a sustained and marked trend towards greater social fluidity during the twentieth century. This chapter investigates trends in mobility across birth cohorts of Dutch men and women born in the first three-quarters of the twentieth century. During this time there was also a rapid upgrading of the Dutch class structure and marked expansion of the educational. But education played only a limited role in driving the increase in social fluidity: rather it was due mostly to the growing shares of people from nonservice-class origins who lacked a tertiary qualification but nevertheless moved into service-class destinations. An oversupply of service-class positions, relative to the share of people with a tertiary qualification, allowed less-qualified men and women from less-advantaged class backgrounds to be upwardly mobile.

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