Section 304 of the Internal Revenue Code: Unmasking Disguised Dividends in Related Corporation Transactions

This study analyzes a random selection of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) office audits from October 1997 to July 1998, the type of audit that concerns most taxpayers. Taxpayers engage paid preparers in order to avoid this type of audit and to avoid any resulting tax adjustments. The study examines whether there are more audit adjustments and penalty assessments on tax returns with paid-preparer assistance than on tax returns without paid-preparer assistance. By comparing the frequency of adjustments on IRS office audits, the study finds that there are significantly fewer tax adjustments on paid-preparer returns than on self-prepared returns. Moreover, CPA-prepared returns resulted in fewer audit adjustments than non CPA-prepared returns.

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The Internal Revenue Code and Religious Institutions

10.1093/oso/9780190853952.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Edward A. Zelinsky

Keyword(s):

Social Security ◽

Income Tax ◽

Income Taxes ◽

Religious Institutions ◽

Retirement Plans ◽

Payroll Taxes ◽

Internal Revenue ◽

Tax Exempt ◽

Unrelated Business

This chapter examines the Internal Revenue Code’s treatment of religious entities. The federal tax statute embodies three diverse approaches to taxing and exempting sectarian organizations and activities. Some provisions of the Code—the charitable deduction, the general income tax exemption for eleemosynary institutions, the federal unemployment tax—exempt religious entities and other charitable, educational, and philanthropic institutions. Other provisions of the Code narrowly target churches for tax exemption. For example, the Code relieves churches of filing requirements with which nonchurch religious entities and other eleemosynary organizations must comply. Similarly, churches’ retirement plans receive lenient treatment under the Code. Churches receive procedural protections from IRS audits.Yet other provisions of the Code tax churches as for secular entities. Churches generally pay FICA taxes—Social Security and Medicare payroll taxes—on the compensation paid to nonclerical employees. These payroll taxes can be considerable. Churches also pay federal income taxes on their unrelated business incomes.

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Income Tax in Great Britain, including a description of other Inland Revenue Taxes. Prepared for the Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxationby Andre Bernard, under direction of H. H. B. Meyer, Director, Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress. [Pp. 166 + xviii. Index 60. United States Government Printing Office, Washington. 1928. (70th Congress, 1st Session. House Document No. 332.)]

Journal of the Institute of Actuaries ◽

10.1017/s0020268100032303 ◽

1929 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 97-98

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Great Britain ◽

Income Tax ◽

United States Government ◽

Government Printing ◽

Internal Revenue ◽

United States Government Printing ◽

States Government ◽

Reference Service ◽

Inland Revenue

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Non-Trade and Non-Business Expense Deductions: Section 23(a) (2) of the Internal Revenue Code

Michigan Law Review ◽

10.2307/1284724 ◽

1948 ◽

Vol 46 (8) ◽

pp. 1015

Author(s):

R. W. Nahstoll

Keyword(s):

Internal Revenue ◽

Business Expense

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The Effects of Capital Campaigns on Local Nonprofit Ecologies

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly ◽

10.1177/0899764018757026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 645-656 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joanna Woronkowicz

Keyword(s):

Nonprofit Organizations ◽

Internal Revenue Service ◽

Arts Organizations ◽

Natural Distribution ◽

Capital Campaign ◽

Internal Revenue ◽

Capital Campaigns ◽

Short Period ◽

Distribution Of Resources ◽

Nonprofit Arts

When charities launch capital campaigns, they hope to attract large amounts of resources in a relatively short period of time; however, other charities in the area are likely to see such campaigns as disruptive to the natural distribution of resources to area nonprofits by disproportionately directing area donations to a single organization. This study seeks to understand the effects capital campaigns have on both the fundraising performance of other nonprofits and the makeup of a local nonprofit ecology. The analysis uses data from a randomly sampled set of nonprofit arts organizations that had capital campaigns for facilities projects between 1994 and 2007 and Internal Revenue Service Form 990 data on 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organizations in each county. The results illustrate that a capital campaign positively affects the fundraising performance of other charities in a local nonprofit ecology, but that campaigns decrease the size of a local nonprofit ecology.

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