Alum-Precipitated and Sodium-Hydroxide-Conjugated Vaccines for Duck Virus Hepatitis: Immunologic and Serologic Response of Susceptible and Low-Level Parentally Immune White Pekin Ducklings

1972 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Toth
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Virus Hepatitis ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Serologic Response

Impact of Vaginal-Rectal Ultrasound Examinations with Covered and Low-Level Disinfected Transducers on Infectious Transmissions in France

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1497-1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Leroy ◽  
Fatima M’Zali ◽  
Michael Kann ◽  
David J. Weber ◽  
David D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Virus Hepatitis ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
High Level ◽  
Vaginal Ultrasonography

Background.The risk of cross-infection from shared ultrasound probes in endorectal and vaginal ultrasonography due to low-level disinfection (LLD) is difficult to estimate because potential infections are also sexually transmitted diseases, and route of contamination is often difficult to establish. In France, the widely used standard for prevention of infections is through the use of probe covers and LLD of the ultrasound transducer by disinfectant wipes. We performed an in silico simulation based on a systematic review to estimate the number of patients infected after endorectal or vaginal ultrasonography examination using LLD for probes.Study design.We performed a stochastic Monte Carlo computer simulation to produce hypothetical cohorts for a population of 4 million annual ultrasound examinations performed in France, and we estimated the number of infected patients for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papilloma virus, cytomegalovirus, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Modeling parameters were estimated by meta-analysis when possible.Results.The probability of infection from a contaminated probe ranged from 1% to 6%, depending on the pathogen. For cases of HIV infection, this would result in approximately 60 infected patients per year. For other common viral infections, the number of new cases ranged from 1,600 to 15,000 per year that could be attributable directly to ultrasound and LLD procedures.Conclusions.Our simulation results showed that, despite cumulative use of probe cover and LLD, there were still some cases of de novo infection that may be attributable to ultrasound procedures. These cases are preventable by reviewing the currently used LLD and/or upgrading LLD to high-level disinfection, as recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Supplementation of a diet of straw with starch or fishmeal; effects on the degradability and rate of outflow of straw from the rumen

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 117-117
Author(s):  
P. E. V. Williams ◽  
G. M. Innes ◽  
P.J. Moor
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

Treatment of straw with alkali; sodium hydroxide or ammonia, can improve both its dry matter digestibility and the amount of straw that cattle will consume. Such improvements allow straw to be used to a greater extent compared with untreated straw in rations for cattle. Several recent reports have identified however that when straw is incorporated in a ration with rapidly fermentable sources of energy, conditions in the rumen unfavourable for the bacterial degradation of straw are generated by the rapidly fermentable material, particularly at high levels of feeding. Such conditions result in inefficient utilization of the straw. It was suggested however (Williams 1984) that low level supplementation using starch, of diets high in fibre would result in an increase in intake of the roughage but that the digestibility of the material would be unaffected. The trials reported here were designed to determine whether low level supplementation of a diet of straw with either fishmeal or starch affected the degradability of fibre or the rate at which undegraded material passed out of the rumen.

Comparison of Acrylamide and Agar Gels by Freeze-Etching

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 606-607
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere ◽  
Eric F. Erbe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Thin Sheets ◽  
Acid Cleaning ◽  
Agar Gels ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Water Cut

Thin sheets of acrylamide and agar gels of different concentrations were prepared and washed in distilled water, cut into pieces of appropriate size to fit into complementary freeze-etch specimen holders (1) and rapidly frozen. Freeze-etching was accomplished in a modified Denton DFE-2 freeze-etch unit on a DV-503 vacuum evaporator.* All samples were etched for 10 min. at -98°C then re-cooled to -150°C for deposition of Pt-C shadow- and C replica-films. Acrylamide gels were dissolved in Chlorox (5.251 sodium hypochlorite) containing 101 sodium hydroxide, whereas agar gels dissolved rapidly in the commonly used chromic acid cleaning solutions. Replicas were picked up on grids with thin Foimvar support films and stereo electron micrographs were obtained with a JEM-100 B electron microscope equipped with a 60° goniometer stage.Characteristic differences between gels of different concentrations (Figs. 1 and 2) were sufficiently pronounced to convince us that the structures observed are real and not the result of freezing artifacts.

Soft ionic liquid based resistive memory characteristics in a two terminal discrete polydimethylsiloxane cylindrical microchannel

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (38) ◽  
pp. 13368-13374
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umair Khan ◽  
Gul Hassan ◽  
Jinho Bae
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Resistive Memory ◽  
Cylindrical Microchannel ◽  
Memory Characteristics ◽  
Poly Acrylic Acid

This paper proposes a novel soft ionic liquid (IL) electrically functional device that displays resistive memory characteristics using poly(acrylic acid) partial sodium salt (PAA-Na+:H2O) solution gel and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cylindrical microchannel.

Tryptophan-Niacin Metabolism in Rat with Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Nephrosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukari Egashira ◽  
Shin Nagaki ◽  
Hiroo Sanada
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Puromycin Aminonucleoside ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Key Enzyme

We investigated the change of tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside PAN-induced nephrosis, the mechanisms responsible for their change of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, and the role of the kidney in tryptophan-niacin conversion. PAN-treated rats were intraperitoneally injected once with a 1.0% (w/v) solution of PAN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The collection of 24-hour urine was conducted 8 days after PAN injection. Daily urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, liver and blood NAD, and key enzyme activities of tryptophan-niacin metabolism were determined. In PAN-treated rats, the sum of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites was significantly lower compared with controls. The kidneyα-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) activity in the PAN-treated group was significantly decreased by 50%, compared with the control group. Although kidney ACMSD activity was reduced, the conversion of tryptophan to niacin tended to be lower in the PAN-treated rats. A decrease in urinary excretion of niacin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin in nephrotic rats may contribute to a low level of blood tryptophan. The role of kidney ACMSD activity may be minimal concerning tryptophan-niacin conversion under this experimental condition.

Low-level lead exposure: Are there harmful effects?

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-79
Author(s):  
Claire B. Ernhart
Keyword(s):  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Harmful Effects
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