The Effect of a Latent CELO Virus Infection in the Chicken Embryo, on the Propagation of Newcastle Disease and Influenza Viruses

1965 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dharam V. Ablashi ◽  
Pei W. Chang ◽  
Vance J. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Chicken Embryo ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Celo Virus

scholarly journals Role of the chicken oligoadenylate synthase-like gene during in vitro Newcastle disease virus infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 101067
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Del Vesco ◽  
Hyun Jun Jang ◽  
Melissa S. Monson ◽  
Susan J. Lamont
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus Infection

scholarly journals Next Generation of Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive HA Vaccines Elicited Cross-Reactive Immune Responses and Provided Protection against H1N1 Virus Infection

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 793
Author(s):  
Ying Huang ◽  
Monique S. França ◽  
James D. Allen ◽  
Hua Shi ◽  
Ted M. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza virus infections, but the diversity of antigenically distinct isolates is a persistent challenge for vaccine development. In order to conquer the antigenic variability and improve influenza virus vaccine efficacy, our research group has developed computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens (COBRAs) in the form of recombinant hemagglutinins (rHAs) to elicit broader immune responses. However, previous COBRA H1N1 vaccines do not elicit immune responses that neutralize H1N1 virus strains in circulation during the recent years. In order to update our COBRA vaccine, two new candidate COBRA HA vaccines, Y2 and Y4, were generated using a new seasonal-based COBRA methodology derived from H1N1 isolates that circulated during 2013–2019. In this study, the effectiveness of COBRA Y2 and Y4 vaccines were evaluated in mice, and the elicited immune responses were compared to those generated by historical H1 COBRA HA and wild-type H1N1 HA vaccines. Mice vaccinated with the next generation COBRA HA vaccines effectively protected against morbidity and mortality after infection with H1N1 influenza viruses. The antibodies elicited by the COBRA HA vaccines were highly cross-reactive with influenza A (H1N1) pdm09-like viruses isolated from 2009 to 2021, especially with the most recent circulating viruses from 2019 to 2021. Furthermore, viral loads in lungs of mice vaccinated with Y2 and Y4 were dramatically reduced to low or undetectable levels, resulting in minimal lung injury compared to wild-type HA vaccines following H1N1 influenza virus infection.

scholarly journals Influenza virus infection expands the breadth of antibody responses through IL-4 signalling in B cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Miyauchi ◽  
Yu Adachi ◽  
Keisuke Tonouchi ◽  
Taiki Yajima ◽  
Yasuyo Harada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Follicular Helper ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Shared Epitopes

AbstractInfluenza viruses are a major public health problem. Vaccines are the best available countermeasure to induce effective immunity against infection with seasonal influenza viruses; however, the breadth of antibody responses in infection versus vaccination is quite different. Here, we show that nasal infection controls two sequential processes to induce neutralizing IgG antibodies recognizing the hemagglutinin (HA) of heterotypic strains. The first is viral replication in the lung, which facilitates exposure of shared epitopes that are otherwise hidden from the immune system. The second process is the germinal center (GC) response, in particular, IL-4 derived from follicular helper T cells has an essential role in the expansion of rare GC-B cells recognizing the shared epitopes. Therefore, the combination of exposure of the shared epitopes and efficient proliferation of GC-B cells is critical for generating broadly-protective antibodies. These observations provide insight into mechanisms promoting broad protection from virus infection.

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