Modification Including the Use of Rabbit Serum as Indicator in the Indirect Complement Fixation Procedure with Avian Serums for Diagnosis of Ornithosis

1965 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
T. Kinjo ◽  
R. A. Bankowski
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Fixation Procedure

scholarly journals THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Goodner ◽  
Frank L. Horsfall
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Selective Adsorption ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Fixation Reaction ◽  
Immune Aggregates ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Immune Rabbit

1. Complement is not fixed by immune aggregates resulting from the interaction of pneumococcus capsular polysaccharide and type-specific immune horse serum, although under proper conditions the substitution of immune rabbit serum gives positive results. 2. The negative results with immune horse serum are due to some poorly understood property of the specific antibodies rather than to some heterologous inhibitor present in the serum. 3. It has been shown that with immune rabbit serum-polysaccharide combinations, complement fixation is an adsorptive phenomenon conditioned upon the surface exposure of the immune aggregates. 4. A close parallelism to the selective adsorption of phosphatides by these immune aggregates has been pointed out. 5. In those instances in which complement is fixed this phenomenon must be regarded as tertiary and conditioned by (a) union of antigen and antibody, and (b) particulation. 6. The general significance of complement fixation as applied to bacterial polysaccharides has been discussed.

scholarly journals A Study of Non-specific Complement-fixation with particular reference to the Interaction of Normal Serum and certain Non-antigenic substances

1928 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Mackie ◽  
M. H. Finkelstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Normal Human Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Fixation Reaction

1. When a solution of commercial peptone is substituted for antigen in a complement-fixation test with the unheated normal serum of certain species (man, ox, sheep, horse, rabbit, white rat), a definite fixation reaction occurs both at 37° C. and at 0° C. In the ox, sheep, horse and rabbit this property of serum is partially stable at 55° C., but normal human serum and the serum of the white rat are inactive after heating at this temperature. The property is resident mainly in the carbonic-acid-insoluble globulins of the serum.2. The same results are obtained when ethyl alcohol diluted with several volumes of normal saline solution is substituted for antigen in a complement-fixation test with normal serum.3. Analysis of these reactions shows a close correspondence with complement-fixation by the sera of normal animals plus the Wassermann “antigen”—the Wassermann reaction of normal animals.4. Marked complement-fixation effects are also obtained with heated normal serum of the rabbit, ox, sheep, horse plus cholesterol suspension, and particularly cholesterolised-peptone, these effects occurring in parallel with those produced by serum plus alcohol-saline, peptone solutions and the Wassermann “antigen.” The heated normal serum of the pig, white rat and guinea-pig do not exhibit these reactions, and the same applies to heated normal human serum. Unheated pig serum fails to react. Such results also elicit a close relationship between these non-specific reactions and the Wassermann reactions of normal animals.5. The reacting property is absent from the serum (heated and unheated) of young rabbits during the first 2 to 3 weeks of life, but appears soon after this (e.g. by the 37th day) and is progressive in development. Its development in early life runs parallel to that of the natural haemolytic property of the serum for sheep's blood (due to a natural antibody-like substance). The two properties are, however, independent as illustrated by absorption tests.6. Besides the agents referred to above as capable of fixing complement along with normal sera, other substances possess a similar property, e.g. certain alcohols, sodium oleate, tissue proteins, certain amino-acids and sodium nucleate. Commercial peptone purified by precipitation with alcohol is equally active with the original material. Cholesterolisation of these agents may yield a product whose activity is greater than that due to summation of effects.7. Wassermann-positive and -negative human sera have been tested in the complement-fixation reaction with certain of these “pseudo-antigens,” viz. alcohol-saline, peptone, cholesterol, and cholesterolised-peptone, but a uniform parallelism has not been demonstrated between the reactions with these agents and the Wassermann effect. Some Wassermann-positive sera react also with alcohol-saline, peptone, cholesterol and cholesterolised-peptone, while sera from selected normal persons are quite inactive. A considerable proportion of Wassermann-positive sera yields definite complement-fixation with cholesterol and cholesterolised-peptone; a small proportion of Wassermann-negative sera reacts with these agents.8. The thermolability of the serum principles acting with various “pseudoantigens” has been studied by testing unheated serum and serum heated at temperatures ranging from 46° to 60° C. Two types of thermolability curve have been demonstrated with different specimens of rabbit serum: (1) a more or less progressive weakening of the various reactions with inactivation at 60° C.; (2) inactivation of the effects with Wassermann “antigen,” alcoholsaline and cholesterol at 50–52° C., activation of the effects with the Wassermann “antigen” and cholesterol at 54–56°C. and inactivation again above 60° C.; in this case the curves for peptone and cholesterolised-peptone do not show such double inactivation. Unheated normal human serum yields reactions with the various agents (including the Wassermann “antigen”) but inactivation occurs at 50° to 54° C. whereas certain syphilitic sera yield thermolability curves somewhat similar to type (1) of rabbit serum, with inactivation at 60° C. or over.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS

1922 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-559
Author(s):  
Peter K. Olitsky ◽  
Frederick L. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Serological Tests

Cultivation of Bacterium pneumosintes in the collodion sac dialysate of a tissue medium produces an antigen suitable for serological tests. Injection of dialysate cultures of Bacterium pneumosintes into rabbits results in the production of antibodies demonstrable by agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, and phagocytic reactions. Four strains of Bacterium pneumosintes, three from the first epidemic influenzal wave (1918–19) and one from the second (1920), show identical antigenic characters. The blood serum of rabbits experimentally injected with the glycerolated active material of rabbit passages contains specific agglutinins for Bacterium pneumosintes, whereas normal rabbit serum does not.

scholarly journals Studies on vaccinia haemagglutinin: II. Some immunological properties

1948 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Chu
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Globulin Fraction ◽  
Absorption Test ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Subsequent Addition ◽  
Large Particulate

1. Vaccinated rabbits develop serum anti-haemagglutinin after infection. The anti-haemagglutinin is not found to any appreciable titre in normal human and animal sera tested. It is present in the globulin fraction of rabbit serum and is stable at 70° C. for 30 min. but destroyed at 80° C. for 30 min.2. Observations over a period of 6 months of variations in serum antibodies in vaccinated rabbits demonstrate that whereas the agglutinin, precipitin and complement-fixing antibody varied in parallel with each other, the anti-haemagglutinin varied independently and in general remained more or less steady throughout the period.3. Some experimental observations of the haemagglutinin anti-haemagglutinin reaction are reported. The haemagglutinin inactivated by immune serum can be reactivated by boiling. Haemagglutinin adsorbed on to red cells can be eluted by subsequent addition of immune serum.4. Failure to obtain complement fixation with the haemagglutinin anti-haemagglutinin system is recorded.5. Vaccinia haemagglutinin is distinct from the L-S antigen.6. By absorption test, it has been shown that the anti-haemagglutinin is a distinct antibody related neither to L or S antibodies nor to neutralizing antibody.7. It is concluded that vaccinia haemagglutinin represents a new and distinct antigen occurring in a relatively large particulate state in vaccinia infected tissues. The possible theoretical implications of such findings are discussed.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON PURE CULTURES OF VARIOUS SPIROCHETES

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 765-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi ◽  
Seinai Akatsu
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Slight Degree ◽  
Group Reaction

Experiments were carried out for the study of culture spirochetes in their relation to various immunity reactions in vitro. Several strains of Treponema pallidum and one each of Treponema calligyrum, Spirochata refringens, Treponema microdentium, and Treponema mucosum were used. Tests were made of immune substances responsible for agglutination, complement fixation, spirocheticidosis, and opsonization. In cases of agglutination and complement fixation, cross titrations were made. 1. In the sera derived from rabbits immunized with various spirochetes agglutinins were demonstrated in varying quantities for the homologous antigens. The amounts of agglutinins developed were considerably higher in the pallidum immune sera than in the other groups. There was no parallelism between the amounts of antigens injected and the amounts of agglutinins developed. 2. Cross titrations among different pallidum strains revealed that the agglutiantion is not necessarily strongest when homologous antigens and immune sera are brought together. 3. On the other hand, the reactions between the immune sera and antigens belonging to different species were sufficiently specific to justify the grouping. 4. Certain degrees of group reactions were observed between the pallidum immune sera and the calligyrum, and occasionally very faintly also between the pallidum and the refringes antigens and vice versa. There was a much more pronounced group reaction between the calligyrum and refringes. The immune serum and antigen of the microdentium showed a slight affinity for the mucosum but none for the pallidum, calligyrum, or refringes, while the mucosum immune serum caused a slight agglutination with many members of the other groups. Hence, it appears that the pallidum is more or less related to the calligyrum, while the affinity between the calligyrum and refringes, and possibly also between the calligyrum and mucosum in a much smaller degree, seems close. The microdentium showed the least relation to any other spirochetes. 5. Titration of agglutinins in the sera obtained 3 months after the cessation of immunization revealed that the agglutinin contents were already greatly reduced, having fallen roughly to 0.01 of the original strenght. The rates of disappearance were irregular in different animals and bore no direct relation to the initial titers. Titration made of the immune sera which had been preserved aseptically in a refrigerator (6°C.) during the same period (3 months) indicated that the original strength of these sera was reduced to about one-tenth. The agglutinins for spirochetes disappear from the rabbit's body much more rapidly than they are reduced in the separated sera by deterioration on standing at 6°C. 6. Titration of the immune sera for complement fixation power showed with a few exceptions, in which there was only slight complement binding, that the titers were high enough to indicate the presence of this principle. The anti-pallidum sera possessed higher average titers than the other immune sera tested with correspondingly homologous antigens. The least active were the anti-refrigens sera. 7. Cross titration of anti-pallidum immune sera for complement fixation showed that a given serum with a high titer for its own strain of antigen was also strong with most of the other strains of the pallidum. Instances occurred also in which the titers with heterologous pallidum antigens fell far below those of the homologous. Group reactions between the different spirochetes) such as the pallidum and the calligyrum, the calligyrum and the refringens, and the microdentium and the mucosum, were also indicated. The mucosum and the pallidum showed a slight degree of group reaction. No anti-pallidum serum fixed complement with the microdentium. 8. The immune sera were tested for their spirochetiddal properties in vitro against the correspondingly specific and heterologous varieties with and without the addition of complement. Many of the anti-pallidum sera killed their own strains. Normal rabbit serum exhibited only a slight degree of inhibition. Without complement, the immune sera caused a considerable reduction in the number or density of colonies, but not a complete suppression of growth. Complement alone had no injurious effect upon the pallidum strains. The antisera for the calligyrum, refringens, and mucosum showed feeble spirocheticidal action, while the antisera for microdentium was stronger. A syphilitic rabbit serum tested against a strain of culture pallidum gave a feeble inhibitory effect. 9. Under the influence of immune sera and complement, the spirochetes undergo within a few hours complete disintegration or granular degeneration. Without complement, they are more powerfully agglutinated, but no disintegration occurs, even after 20 hours, and complement alone has no effect. 10. In the presence of homologous immune serum and complement, the culture pallidum may be ingested by the leukocytes, but phagocytosis is slight, possibly on account of the filamentous nature of the organisms. The spirochetes in such a mixture disintegrate within a few hours, disintegration being especially rapid when the immune leukocytes are used. In the absence of immune serum, phagocytosis is not noticeable, while without complement but in the presence of immune serum and leukocytes, some phagocytosis, without subsequent lysis, occurs. A virulent strain of pallidum, obtained from syphilitic orchitis in a rabbit, exposed to agglutination, lysis, and phagocytosis by an immune serum prepared by means of culture pallidum strains, showed only slight agglutination and phagocytosis but rapid immobilization without disintegration in the presence of complement.

Immune Electron Microscopy (IEM) of a Canine Adeno-Associated Virus

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
Gunter F. Thomas ◽  
M. David Hoggan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Immune Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Virus Like Particle ◽  
Dog Kidney ◽  
Green Monkeys

In 1968, Sugimura and Yanagawa described a small 25 nm virus like particle in association with the Matsuda strain of infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV). Domoto and Yanagawa showed that this particle was dependent on ICHV for its replication in primary dog kidney cell cultures (PDK) and was resistant to heating at 70°C for 10 min, and concluded that it was a canine adeno-associated virus (CAAV). Later studies by Onuma and Yanagawa compared CAAV with the known human serotypes (AAV 1, 2, 3) and AAV-4, known to be associated with African Green Monkeys. Using the complement fixation (CF) test, they found that CAAV was serologically related to AAV-3 and had wide distribution in the dog population of Japan.

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