scholarly journals LIFE CYCLE, DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF CARCINONEMERTES EPIALTI, A NEMERTEAN EGG PREDATOR OF THE SHORE CRAB, HEMIGRAPSUS OREGONENSIS, IN RELATION TO HOST SIZE, REPRODUCTION AND MOLT CYCLE

1978 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARMAND M. KURIS
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Molt Cycle ◽  
Egg Predator ◽  
Hemigrapsus Oregonensis

THE DESCRIPTION AND LIFE CYCLE OF MARITREMA LARICOLA SP. N. (TREMATODA: MICROPHALLIDAE)

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilda Lei Ching
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
Hemigrapsus Oregonensis ◽  
Larus Glaucescens

Maritrema laricola sp. n. from the intestine of the glaucous-winged gull, Larus glaucescens, differs from other species in the genus in having an elongate body, small cirrus sac, and short, curved cirrus. The life cycle of the species was followed from sporocyst stage in Littorina scutulata and Littorina sitchana, to the metacercarial stage in Hemigrapsus oregonensis and H. nudus, and to the adult in natural and experimental hosts. In experimental infections of H. oregonensis, the cercariae penetrate and develop in the gills after which they migrate to the haemocoel of the crab and encyst. The metacercariae are fully developed in from 6 to 9 weeks, and similar in size and morphology to natural infections in crabs. Excystment of the metacercariae occurs in the following cultures at 40 °C: 3% pepsin plus 1% HCl, 0.85% saline, and seawater diluted 1:4. Metacercariae live for about 3 days in diluted seawater but do not produce eggs in any of the cultures. Only immature worms were recovered from mice and newly hatched chicks when they were fed the metacercariae, but mature worms were found in natural and experimental infections of the glaucous-winged gull. In a review of the genus Maritrema, the following transfers are made: Maritrema uca Sarkisian, 1957 to the genus Mecynophallus Cable, Connor, and Balling, 1960, and Maritreminoides raminellae Dery, 1958 to Pseudospelotrema Yamaguti, 1939.

scholarly journals Long-term change in the parasite burden of shore crabs ( Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Hemigrapsus nudus ) on the northwestern Pacific coast of North America

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1945) ◽  
pp. 20203036
Author(s):  
Jessica Quinn ◽  
Sarah Lee ◽  
Duncan Greeley ◽  
Alyssa Gehman ◽  
Armand M. Kuris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Shore Crabs ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Hemigrapsus Oregonensis ◽  
Over Time

The abundances of free-living species have changed dramatically in recent decades, but little is known about change in the abundance of parasitic species. We investigated whether populations of several parasites have shifted over time in two shore crab hosts, Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Hemigrapsus nudus, by comparing the prevalence and abundance of three parasite taxa in a historical dataset (1969–1970) to contemporary parasite abundance (2018–2020) for hosts collected from 11 intertidal sites located from Oregon, USA, to British Columbia, Canada. Our data suggest that the abundance of the parasitic isopod Portunion conformis has varied around a stable mean for the past 50 years. No change over time was observed for larval acanthocephalans. However, larval microphallid trematodes increased in prevalence over time among H. oregonensis hosts, from a mean of 8.4–61.8% between the historical and contemporary time points. The substantial increase in the prevalence of larval microphallid trematodes could be owing to increased abundances of their bird final hosts, increased production of parasite infective stages by snail intermediate hosts or both. Our study highlights the variability among parasite species in their temporal trajectories of change.

Occurrence of nematode parasites in Calocaris macandreae (Crustacea: Decapoda) from an Irish Sea population

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Perez-Calderon
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Decapod Crustacean ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans

INTRODUCTIONA number of nematodes are known to develop in decapod crustaceans. These parasite nematodes are present in the coelom of the host either free or surrounded by different types of host cells. All belong to the order Ascaridida or Spirurida and most of them develop only to the third larval stage in the decapod host; further development takes place in a predator of the crustacean which is generally a teleost or elasmobranch (Berland, 1961; Ouspenskaia, 1960; Petter, 1970; Poinar & Kuris, 1975;Uspenskaja, 1953; Yamaguti, 1961). The life-cycle in most cases is not fully understood. Ouspenskaia (1960) and Uspenskaja (1953, 1963) deduced the life-cycle for Ascarophis morrhuae van Beneden and A. filiformis Poljanski in the Barents Sea by relating the larvae found in decapod crustaceans through affinity of characters to the adults present in cod (Gadus morhua L.) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.). Similarly, the life-cycle of the spirurid Proleptus obtusus was described by Lloyd (1928); the larvae occur in a decapod crustacean, usually the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus L. and in some cases the shore crab Carcinus maenas L. and the adults are found in the lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula L.). A more complex life-cycle has been proposed for some anisakids such as Anisakis, Contracaecum and Hysterothylacium (Berland, 1961; Norris & Overstreet, 1976; Wootten, 1978) in which more than one intermediate host is required.

Host size and abundance of hemiepiphytes in a subtropical stand of Brazilian Atlantic Forest

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Leonel Lozano Orihuela ◽  
Jorge Luiz Waechter
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽  
Host Trees

Hemiepiphytes comprise two major categories, those that begin their life cycle as epiphytes and later establish soil contact through long descendent roots (primary hemiepiphytes), and those that germinate in the soil and climb up using adherent roots, eventually becoming epiphytes after losing soil contact (secondary hemiepiphytes) (Putz & Holbrook 1986). In several features root-climbing lianas are similar to secondary hemiepiphytes, including adhesion by adventitious roots, ability to colonize host-trees of different sizes (Putz 1984), and colonization generally restricted to a single phorophyte, differing mainly in the retention of soil contact through strong stems.

scholarly journals Infestation rates of the pedunculated barnacle Octolasmis lowei (Cirripedia: Poecilasmatidae) on the spider crab Libinia spinosa (Decapoda: Majoidea)

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A.M.M. Cordeiro ◽  
T.M. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Ovigerous Female ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Spider Crab ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
The Real ◽  
Host Sex ◽  
Main Factor

The prevalence and infestation intensities of Octolasmis lowei in the branchial chambers of Libinia spinosa were evaluated according to the host's sex, size, and moult condition. Epibionts were classified as cyprid larvae, non-ovigerous or ovigerous according to their developmental stage. A median intensity of infestation of 21 epibionts/host was found (range = 1–644; Q3 = 81). Epibiont prevalence values (88%) were higher on ovigerous female hosts than on males (55%) or on non-ovigerous females (31%). Intensity of infestation was positively correlated with host size in both sexes for non-ovigerous and ovigerous epibionts. No preference between host sex by cyprid larvae was observed, nor any correlation between cyprid abundance and host size. Cyprid larvae abundance was positively correlated with settled epibionts on both host sexes. The duration of the intermoult phase was the main factor linked to the establishment of sessile epibionts. These observations are important in relation to crabs that have a terminal moult, because these animals cannot eliminate their epibionts in future moults, thus increasing the importance of density-dependent mechanisms on epibiont establishment; in that way, prevalence of infestation alone can underestimate the real impact of infestation on the host's life cycle.

The biology of Unionicola formosa (Dana and Whelpley): a water mite parasitic in the unionid bivalve, Anodonta cataracta (Say), in a New Brunswick lake

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1748-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gordon ◽  
B. K. Swan ◽  
C. G. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Water Mite ◽  
Mantle Tissue ◽  
Host Sex

The eggs, teleiochrysalis, and adults of the water mite Unionicola formosa (Dana and Whelpley) occur in Anodonta cataracta whereas only the egg stage is found in the other three unionid bivalves in Morice Lake, New Brunswick. There is no selectivity for host sex. Female mites do not reside in smaller bivalves. The incidence of infection and host loading increases with bivalve length. No evidence was found for territoriality of females within the host or for seasonal variations in abundance of either males or females. Only one male mite resides in each infected host. Incidence of infection increases with host size up to 5 cm and then remains stable at about 52%. A positive male–female association occurs during the warm water period but not after the water cools. The sex ratio is 1.60 females: 1 male. The teleiochrysalis occurs in the siphons during July at a density approximately 2.5 times that of the adults. Eggs are laid from late May until early July in the mantle tissue of most available hosts. The eggs hatch the following June and the larvae leave. Nymphs are found periodically except when teleiochrysalises are present. The available data suggest a 3-year life cycle for U. formosa.

scholarly journals A whiter shade of male: Color background matching as a function of size and sex in the yellow shore crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Dana, 1851)

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory C. Jensen ◽  
Michael S. Egnotovich
Keyword(s):  
Carapace Width ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
White Background ◽  
Female Size ◽  
White Males ◽  
Color Background ◽  
Hemigrapsus Oregonensis ◽  
Pure White

Abstract Juveniles of the shore crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis are highly variable in color, ranging from the typical yellowishgreen of adults to pure white and myriad patterns of white mottling and other disruptive markings, but large individuals with white coloration appear to be very rare. Using image analysis to quantify the relative “whiteness” of beaches, we sampled crabs from nine locations in Washington State that varied widely in their amount of shell fragments and other light-colored material. The total proportion of white individuals in the different locations was strongly correlated to the proportion of white material on the beaches, but there was a striking difference between sexes. Although white specimens of both sexes declined significantly at sizes above 10 mm carapace width, white females generally persisted throughout the entire female size range on lighter-colored beaches while white males larger than 10 mm were virtually absent from all of the sampled populations. Pure white males held on dark backgrounds in captivity remained white, as they lack the dark chromatophores in their hypodermis needed to change color; off-white males became darker and in some cases lightened up again when transferred back to a white background. Behavioral differences between the sexes may result in differential mortality of white individuals by visual predators.

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