OBSERVATIONS ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF BACTERIA IN DIFFERENT VOLUMES OF STORED SEA WATER AND THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN TENSION AND SOLID SURFACES

1936 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDE E. ZOBELL ◽  
D. QUENTIN ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Solid Surfaces

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN TENSION UPON METABOLIC RATE IN INVERTEBRATES

1924 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Amberson ◽  
H. S. Mayerson ◽  
W. J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Invertebrate Animals

It is shown that in several of the higher invertebrate animals, oxygen consumption is directly proportional to the oxygen tension in the sea water, over a wide range.

scholarly journals The Control of Respiratory Movements in Crustacea by Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
H. MUNRO FOX ◽  
M. L. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Respiratory Movements ◽  
Rate Of Movement

1. The respiratory movements of the barnacle Balanus and of the phyllopod Cheirocephalus are not accelerated either by decreased oxygen or by increased carbon dioxide tension in the water. 2. The rate of movement of the scaphognathite of the crayfish Astacus is accelerated by a fall in oxygen but not by a rise in carbon dioxide tension of the environment. 3. The rate of movement of the pleopods of the fresh-water isopod Asellus is accelerated by a fall in oxygen but not by a rise of carbon dioxide tension. 4. In the sea-shore isopod Ligia, submerged in sea water, the rate of pleopod movement is not accelerated by a decrease in oxygen tension below that in equilibrium with air, but a rise in oxygen tension above the latter value slows respiratory movements. Carbon dioxide has no accelerating effect. 5. Both a decrease in oxygen and an increase in carbon dioxide tension accelerate the respiratory pleopod movements of the amphipods Gammarus pulex and G. locusta. 6. Whereas in the fresh-water G. pulex the quickened respiratory rhythm is permanent at each decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide tension, in the marine G. locusta these changes in rate of beat are transitory. This is correlated with the greater oxygen consumption of the marine species.

scholarly journals Oxygen availability and embryonic development in sand snail (Polinices sordidus) egg masses

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Booth
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Low Levels

The oxygen transport physiology of sand snail Polinices sordidus egg masses was investigated using oxygen microelectrodes and open-flow respirometry. P. sordidus eggs are laid in a jelly matrix that rapidly absorbs water and swells into a horseshoe-shaped sausage. The average diameter of these sausages is 37 mm. Eggs are enclosed in capsules that are distributed throughout the jelly matrix, but 65 % of the eggs are located within 3 mm of the outer surface. There is no circulatory or canal system within the matrix so all gas exchange between developing embryos and the environment must occur by diffusion through the jelly matrix. Oxygen tension in the outer layer remains moderately high (PO2>10 kPa) throughout incubation but decreases rapidly in more centrally located regions, so that by day 4 embryos in this region are exposed to extremely hypoxic conditions (PO2<1 kPa). This hypoxia limits oxygen consumption of embryos to low levels and appears to slow embryonic development or even to arrest it. From day 4 onwards, the central region gradually become less hypoxic because the hatching of peripherally located embryos causes the outer layers of the jelly matrix to disintegrate and thus reduces the diffusion distance for oxygen between the centrally located embryos and the surrounding sea water. As the oxygen tension rises, development accelerates and the embryos eventually hatch as viable veligers, apparently unharmed by their prolonged exposure to hypoxia.

The provision of oxygen to developing eggs by female shore crabs (Carcinus maenas)

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele G. Wheatly
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Water Release ◽  
Ambient Oxygen ◽  
Shore Crabs ◽  
Normal Ventilation

In shallow hypoxic sea water female shore crabs (Carcinus maenas (L.)) incubating eggs on their abdominal pleopods reverse the direction of normal ventilation, taking air in at the normally exhalant opening and bubbling it out via apertures at the base of the posteriormost pair of walking legs and hence over the developing egg mass. The ambient oxygen tension at which the behaviour is elicited and the percentage of total time it is performed are both dependent upon acclimation temperature. The oxygen tension at which the behaviour is first observed coincided at different acclimation temperatures with the critical oxygen tension below which oxygen consumption of the developing eggs became dependent on further reduction in . The bubbling of air during the emersion response is sufficient to raise the oxygen tension of the water surrounding the eggs and is thus an attempt by the parent animal to maintain the oxygen uptake of the developing young. If left in a standing body of hypoxic sea water release of larvae is deferred until well-aerated conditions next prevail. Thus if the berried female is trapped in a rock pool the encroaching tide may act as a releasing stimulus which is of adaptive significance to the dispersal and survival of the larvae. When female crabs submerged in warm water (25 °C) bubbled cool air past the egg mass this had no significant cooling effect. The thermal tolerance of the developing eggs was low, rate of oxygen uptake being limited by temperature rises above 25 °C.

Oxygen--Sensitive Elements in the Book Gills of Limulus Polyphemus

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-639
Author(s):  
ROBERT L. CRABTREE ◽  
CHARLES H. PAGE
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Class I ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Oxygen Sensitive ◽  
Gill Lamellae

1. The unit responses of oxygen-sensitive elements in the book-gill lamellae of Limulus polyphemus were examined by recording their unit activities in the gill nerve while varying the oxygen tension in the sea water bathing the lamellae. 2. Three types of oxygen-sensitive units were detected. Some units (class I) were excited by oxygen introduced into anaerobic sea water; others (class II) were inhibited by high oxygen levels. Some units responded to tactile stimulation only in the presence of oxygen. 3. It is suggested that the oxygen-dependent ventilatory reflexes result from interaction in the central ventilatory neural system of the excitatory effects of class I units and of touch-sensitive oxygen-dependent units with the inhibitory effects of class II units.

scholarly journals THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF LUMINOUS BACTERIA

1928 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Newton Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Luminous Bacteria ◽  
Sufficient Oxygen ◽  
Correct Comparison

Oxygen consumption of luminous bacteria determined by the Thunberg micro respirometer and by the time which elapses before the luminescence of an emulsion of luminous bacteria in sea water begins to dim, when over 99 per cent of the dissolved oxygen has been consumed, agree exactly. Average values for oxygen consumption at an average temperature of 21.5°C. are 4.26 x 10–11 mg. O2 per bacterium; 2.5 x 104 mg. per kilo and 5.6 mg. O2 per sq. m. of bacterial surface. The only correct comparison of the oxygen consumption of different organisms or tissues is in terms of oxygen used per unit weight with a sufficient oxygen tension so that oxygen consumption is independent of oxygen tension. Measurement of the oxygen concentration which just allows full luminescence, compared with a calculation of the oxygen concentration at the surface of a bacterial cell just necessary to allow the observed respiration throughout all parts of the cell, indicates that oxygen must diffuse into the bacterium much more slowly than through gelatin or connective tissue but not as slowly as through chitin.

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