Status and Reproductive Success of the Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia) in the U.S. Great Lakes

1979 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Shugart ◽  
William C. Scharf ◽  
Francesca J. Cuthbert
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Sterna Caspia ◽  
Caspian Tern ◽  
The U.S

Implications of the 2012 U.S. Election for U.S. Policy in Africa’s Great Lakes Region

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
White House ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
The U.S

Abstract:While Africans are generally satisfied that a person of African descent was reelected to the White House following a campaign in which vicious and racist attacks were made against him, the U.S. Africa policy under President Barack Obama will continue to be guided by the strategic interests of the United States, which are not necessarily compatible with the popular aspirations for democracy, peace, and prosperity in Africa. Obama’s policy in the Great Lakes region provides an excellent illustration of this point. Since Rwanda and Uganda are Washington’s allies in the “war against terror” in Darfur and Somalia, respectively, the Obama administration has done little to stop Kigali and Kampala from destabilizing the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and looting its natural resources, either directly or through proxies. Rwanda and Uganda have even been included in an international oversight mechanism that is supposed to guide governance and security sector reforms in the DRC, but whose real objective is to facilitate Western access to the enormous natural wealth of the Congo and the Great Lakes region.

Marpol V and Cargo Residues in the Great Lakes

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (03) ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Eric Reeves ◽  
Laurie Perry
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Special Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Enforcement Policy ◽  
Bulk Carriers ◽  
The U.S

In 1989 the U.S. Coast Guard promulgated regulations implementing Annex V to Marpol 73/78, which regulates the discharge of "garbage" from ships. Since that time it has become apparent that Marpol V, an international regime designed for the high seas, does not translate into a workable regime for the Great Lakes without some modification for the special problem of cargo residue discharges from dry bulk carriers. Application of Marpol V to the Great Lakes by the United States has also created an anomaly, because Canada has yet to do so, in large part because of serious concerns about its application to cargo residues on the Great Lakes. On September 22, 1993 the U.S. Coast Guard Ninth District put out an interim enforcement policy designed to provide a reasonable balance between the need to protect the environment of the lakes against any possible harm while taking account of the need for safe operation of commercial dry bulk carriers. At the same time, in cooperation with the Canadian Coast Guard Central Region and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard Ninth District is developing better scientific information about the possible effects of cargo residues in order to build a scientific basis for a revised regulatory regime. As the scientific study progresses, the Ninth Coast Guard District continues to make modifications to the current enforcement policy, in consultation with Canadian Coast Guard Central Region, the scientific community, industry, and environmental groups. The final goal is a reasonably balanced and consistent regime on both sides of the lakes, in accordance with the mandates of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.

Prioritizing coastal wetlands for marsh bird conservation in the U.S. Great Lakes

2020 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
pp. 108708
Author(s):  
Joanna Grand ◽  
Sarah P. Saunders ◽  
Nicole L. Michel ◽  
Lisa Elliott ◽  
Stephanie Beilke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Bird Conservation ◽  
Marsh Bird ◽  
The U.S

Element Concentrations in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from the U.S. and Binational Great Lakes Areas of Concern

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-424
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Custer ◽  
Christine M. Custer ◽  
Paul M. Dummer ◽  
Diana Goldberg ◽  
J. Christian Franson
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Tachycineta Bicolor ◽  
Tree Swallows ◽  
Element Concentrations ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Evaluation of SMAP Level 2, 3, and 4 Soil Moisture Datasets over the Great Lakes Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 3785
Author(s):  
Xiaoyong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Reference Network ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Sparse Network ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
The U.S

Satellite sensor systems for soil moisture measurements have been continuously evolving. The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission represents one of the latest advances in this regard. Thus far, much of our knowledge of the accuracy of SMAP soil moisture over the Great Lakes region of North America has originated from evaluation studies using in situ data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Climate Analysis Network and/or the U.S. Climate Reference Network, which provide only several in situ sensor stations for this region. As such, these results typically underrepresent the accuracy of SMAP soil moisture in this region, which is characterized by a relatively large soil moisture variability and is one of the least studied regions. In this work, SMAP Level 2‒4 soil moisture products: SMAP/Sentinel-1 L2 Radiometer/Radar Soil Moisture (SPL2SMAP_S), SMAP Enhanced L3 Radiometer Soil Moisture (SPL3SMP_E), and SMAP L4 Surface and Root-Zone Soil Moisture Analysis Update (SPL4SMAU) are evaluated over the southern portion of the Great Lakes region using in situ measurements from Michigan State University’s Enviro-weather Automated Weather Station Network. The unbiased root-mean-square error (ubRMSE) values for both SPL4SMAU surface and root zone soil moisture estimates are below 0.04 m3 m−3 at the 36-km scale, with an average ubRMSE of 0.045 m3 m−3 (0.037 m3 m−3) for the surface (root-zone) soil moisture against the sparse network. The ubRMSE values for SPL3SMP_E a.m. (i.e., descending overpasses) soil moisture retrievals are close to or below 0.04 m3 m−3 at the 36-km scale, with an average ubRMSE of ~0.06 m3 m−3 against the sparse network. The average ubRMSE values are ~0.05‒0.06 m3 m−3 for high-resolution SPL2SMAP_S soil moisture retrievals against the sparse network, with the skill of the baseline algorithm-based soil moisture retrievals exceeding that of the optional algorithm-based counterparts. Clearly, the skill of SPL4SMAU surface soil moisture exceeds that of the SPL3SMP_E and SPL2SMAP_S soil moisture retrievals.

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