Response Cost and Reinforcement Contingencies of Managing the Behavior of Distractible Children in Tutorial Settings

1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Sindelar ◽  
Miriam S. Honsaker ◽  
Joseph R. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Response Cost ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Behaviorally Disordered ◽  
Temporal Precision ◽  
Attending Behavior

The effects of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and response cost (RC) on the attending behavior of two distractible children were assessed in two case studies. In the first study, a seven-year-old learning disabled girl was initially rewarded for completing segments of her reader without looking away, then punished by the removal of a token contingent upon lookaways. Both contingencies were effective in reducing the frequency of lookaways although response suppression was slightly greater during the RC phases. Oral reading rates increased concurrently with the reduction in lookaways, and was highest during the RC phases. In the second case study, the same strategies were used with a ten-year-old, behaviorally disordered girl. The DRO contingency failed to control the frequency of her lookaways although the RC contingency proved successful. The differential effects of the DRO contingency in the two case studies were attributed to differences in the reinforcement schedules; the differential effect of the RC contingency was ascribed to the temporal precision with which it was administered.

Alternative Reading Strategies: A Case Study

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betsy S. Stockdale ◽  
W. Donald Crump
Keyword(s):  
Reading Instruction ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Reading Strategies ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Alternative Reading

Reading research is usually conducted on large groups of students making generalization to individual cases difficult. A useful alternative to traditional research strategies is found in case studies. This study reports the reading progress of a learning disabled student over a four-year period. The reading instruction program initially chosen employed a skills approach; later this was changed to a modified holistic approach. Differences in outcomes of the two approaches are reported along with implications for reading instruction.

The Operant Manipulation of Vocal Pitch in Normal Speakers

1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Moore ◽  
Anthony Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Operant Response ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Therapeutic Technique ◽  
Vocal Pitch ◽  
Electronic Filters

A device consisting of variable electronic filters and voice-actuated relays was used to raise or lower the vocal pitch of four normal-speaking subjects by the differential reinforcement of selected frequencies emitted by them during oral reading. Continuous, fixed interval, fixed ratio, and variable interval reinforcement schedules were applied to each subject. The results of the study indicated that fundamental vocal frequency is a manipulable operant response. All reinforcement schedules examined produced high rates of response at the selected frequency for all subjects. The variable interval schedules produced the most consistent, high durations of response for all subjects. The method of manipulation of fundamental frequency investigated in the study appears to have promise as a therapeutic technique, especially for deaf speakers and clients with functional pitch disorders.

Patientenbezogene Komplexität in der Pflege – Kollektive Case Studies im Akutspital

Pflege ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Gurtner ◽  
Rebecca Spirig ◽  
Diana Staudacher ◽  
Evelyn Huber
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Study Designs

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Die patientenbezogene Komplexität der Pflege ist durch die Merkmale „Instabilität“, „Unsicherheit“ und „Variabilität“ definiert. Aufgrund der reduzierten Aufenthaltsdauer und der steigenden Zahl chronisch und mehrfach erkrankter Personen erhöht sich die Komplexität der Pflege. Ziel: In dieser Studie untersuchten wir das Phänomen patientenbezogener Komplexität aus Sicht von Pflegefachpersonen und Pflegeexpertinnen im Akutspital. Methode: Im Rahmen eines kollektiven Case-Study-Designs schätzten Pflegefachpersonen und Pflegeexpertinnen die Komplexität von Pflegesituationen mit einem Fragebogen ein. Danach befragten wir sie in Einzelinterviews zu ihrer Einschätzung. Mittels Within-Case-Analyse verdichteten wir die Daten induktiv zu Fallgeschichten. In der Cross-Case-Analyse verglichen wir die Fallgeschichten hinsichtlich deduktiv abgeleiteter Merkmale. Ergebnisse: Die Ausprägung der Komplexität hing in den vier Cases im Wesentlichen davon ab, ob klinische Probleme kontrollierbar und prognostizierbar waren. Je nach individuellen Ressourcen der Patientinnen und Patienten stieg bzw. sank die Komplexität. Schlussfolgerungen: Komplexe Patientensituationen fordern von Pflegefachpersonen Fachwissen, Erfahrung, kommunikative Kompetenzen sowie die Fähigkeit zur Reflexion. Berufsanfänger und Berufsanfängerinnen werden zur Entwicklung dieser Fähigkeiten idealerweise durch erfahrene Berufskolleginnen oder -kollegen unterstützt und beraten.

SenCity – Evaluating Users’ Experiences of Intelligent Lighting for Well-Being in Smart Cities

2018 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Henrika Pihlajaniemi ◽  
Anna Luusua ◽  
Eveliina Juntunen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
System Data

This paper presents the evaluation of usersХ experiences in three intelligent lighting pilots in Finland. Two of the case studies are related to the use of intelligent lighting in different kinds of traffic areas, having emphasis on aspects of visibility, traffic and movement safety, and sense of security. The last case study presents a more complex view to the experience of intelligent lighting in smart city contexts. The evaluation methods, tailored to each pilot context, include questionnaires, an urban dashboard, in-situ interviews and observations, evaluation probes, and system data analyses. The applicability of the selected and tested methods is discussed reflecting the process and achieved results.

Nonwovens: Global Trends in World Economy, European Foreign Trade, and Selected Case Studies from Poland and Asian Brics Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Wysokińska ◽  
Tomasz Czajkowski ◽  
Katarzyna Grabowska
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
World Economy ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Special Case

AbstractNonwovens are one of the most versatile textile materials and have become increasingly popular in almost all sectors of the economy due to their low manufacturing costs and unique properties. In the next few years, the world market of nonwovens is predicted to grow by 7%–8% annually (International Nonwovens & Disposables Association [INDA], European Disposables and Nonwovens Association [EDANA], and Markets and Markets). This article aims to analyze the most recent trends in the global export and import of nonwovens, to present two case studies of Polish companies that produce them, and to present one special case study of the market of nonwoven geotextiles in China and India, which are the Asian transition economies among the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa).

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