Labor Force Participation, Work Experience, and the Pay Gap between Men and Women

1982 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy B. Mallan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women

Development and Gender-Linked Economic Inequality in the Era of Globalization

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-324
Author(s):  
Moshe Semyonov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
High Status ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

This paper focuses on the relations between development and gender disparities in labor market outcomes in the era of globalization. Within a cross-national comparative framework, the article examines the relations between development and globalization and three aspects of gender-linked disparities (women's labor force participation, gender occupational differentiation, and gender pay gap) at two time points: 1990 and 2015. The data reveal patterns in the relationship between development, globalization, and each dimension of gender inequality. First, development but not globalization tends to increase women's labor force participation. Second, development is likely to reduce gender occupational segregation. But the effect is indirect; it is transmitted via the increased number of economically active women. Third, less gender occupational segregation does not necessarily mean greater occupational equality; high female labor force participation is likely to reduce women's likelihood of employment in high-status professional and managerial occupations. Fourth, gender occupational inequality appears to be one of the sources of a country's gender pay gap; the pay disparity between men and women tends to be greater in countries where gender occupational inequality is high. A model that summarizes the complex relations among development, globalization, and the various dimensions of gender-linked economic activity and inequality is proposed and discussed.

Structural Change and Women’s Employment Potential in Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 450-476
Author(s):  
Valerie Mueller ◽  
Emily Schmidt ◽  
Dylan Kirkleeng
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Dynamic Transformation ◽  
Employment Potential

We use the Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey to evaluate the extent women are included in Myanmar’s dynamic transformation process and the relative barriers that prohibit their inclusion between 2005 and 2010. Women play an active role in the labor force during a period of massive structural change. Their growing importance is substantiated by their increasing placement in manufacturing jobs near and away from home. Despite their increasing labor force participation, women’s engagement in manufacturing is negatively associated with household welfare. This may be a function of a gender pay gap or reflect households’ inability to substitute the labor of women to complete specific tasks related to household production. Future investments in surveys in Myanmar will improve our ability to identify which factors systematically provide an enabling environment for female labor participation, mobility, and improvements in well-being.

Human Capital, Marital and Birth Timing, and the Postnatal Labor Force Participation of Married Women

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
THEODORE GREENSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Birth Timing ◽  
First Birth ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Paid Labor

Using materials from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Young Women, this article analyzes postnatal labor force participation data for married husband-present women over a 15-year period in order to study factors associated with the length of time out of the labor force following the first birth. Survival analyses and proportional hazards models indicate that human capital variables (education, prebirth work experience, and income) and marital and birth-timing variables (age at first marriage and age at first birth) have significant estimated effects on the rate and timing of reentry into the paid labor force.

scholarly journals The Gender Pay Gap: Income Inequality Over Life Course – A Multilevel Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Toczek ◽  
Hans Bosma ◽  
Richard Peter
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Over Time

The gender pay gap has been observed for decades, and still exists. Due to a life course perspective, gender differences in income are analyzed over a period of 24 years. Therefore, this study aims to investigate income trajectories and the differences regarding men and women. Moreover, the study examines how human capital determinants, occupational positions and factors that accumulate disadvantages over time contribute to the explanation of the GPG in Germany. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the GPG over the life course. The data are based on the German cohort study lidA (living at work), which links survey data individually with employment register data. Based on social security data, the income of men and women over time are analyzed using a multilevel analysis. The results show that the GPG exists in Germany over the life course: men have a higher daily average income per year than women. In addition, the income developments of men rise more sharply than those of women over time. Moreover, even after controlling for factors potentially explaining the GPG like education, work experience, occupational status or unemployment episodes the GPG persists. Concluding, further research is required that covers additional factors like individual behavior or information about the labor market structure for a better understanding of the GPG.

Boosting Mongolia’s Long-Term Economic Growth through More Equal Labor Force Participation between Men and Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Men And Women

This Observations and Suggestions note provides recommendations to boost female labor force participation in Mongolia.

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