Effect of Type of Stimulus Component on Cue Selection

1973 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Ann K. Wolfgang ◽  
Jack Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Component ◽  
Cue Selection

Single-letter cue selection and degree of paired-associate learning in retardates.

1971 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin M. Berry ◽  
Charles E. Joubert ◽  
Alfred A. Baumeister
Keyword(s):  
Paired Associate ◽  
Paired Associate Learning ◽  
Single Letter ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
Cue Selection

Discrimination and Attention in Dogs

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-949
Author(s):  
R. R. Haney ◽  
William F. Crowder
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Compound Stimulus ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Discriminative Control ◽  
Stimulus Component ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Visual Component ◽  
Probe Test ◽  
Water Presentation

Two dogs were trained to perform a left-right discrimination task in which depressing a treadle presented a compound visual and auditory stimulus in random order appropriate to one or the other of two distant reinforcement stations. Depression of the appropriate discrimination treadle was reinforced by water presentation. A modified correction procedure was used in training. Following acquisition, probe test trials consisting of the visual stimulus component alone, the auditory stimulus component alone, and reversed or cues-opposed compound stimulus were presented. Test trials demonstrated the visual component of the compound stimulus to have acquired discriminative control, but the cues-opposed test trials also demonstrated a low but extant degree of discriminative control exerted by the auditory stimulus component. As the compound stimulus employed here consisted of visual components differing only in location and auditory components differing only in pitch, implications for future research manipulating further these qualitative and quantitative variables were discussed.

Auditory nerve representation of vowels in background noise

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Sachs ◽  
H. F. Voigt ◽  
E. D. Young
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Auditory Nerve ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Stimulus Component ◽  
Signal Noise ◽  
Formant Frequencies ◽  
Second Formant

Responses of auditory nerve fibers to steady-state vowels presented alone and in the presence of background noise were obtained from anesthetized cats. Representation of vowels based on average discharge rate and representation based primarily on phase-locked properties of responses are considered. Profiles of average discharge rate versus characteristic frequency (CF) ("rate-place" representation) can show peaks of discharge rate in the vicinity of formant frequencies when vowels are presented alone. These profiles change drastically in the presence of background noise, however. At moderate vowel and noise levels and signal/noise ratios of +9 dB, there are not peaks of rate near the second and third formant frequencies. In fact, because of two-tone suppression, rate to vowels plus noise is less than rate to noise alone for fibers with CFs above the first formant. Rate profiles measured over 5-ms intervals near stimulus onset show clear formant-related peaks at higher sound levels than do profiles measured over intervals later in the stimulus (i.e., in the steady state). However, in background noise, rate profiles at onset are similar to those in the steady state. Specifically, for fibers with CFs above the first formant, response rates to the noise are suppressed by the addition of the vowel at both vowel onset and steady state. When rate profiles are plotted for low spontaneous rate fibers, formant-related peaks appear at stimulus levels higher than those at which peaks disappear for high spontaneous fibers. In the presence of background noise, however, the low spontaneous fibers do not preserve formant peaks better than do the high spontaneous fibers. In fact, the suppression of noise-evoked rate mentioned above is greater for the low spontaneous fibers than for high. Representations that reflect phase-locked properties as well as discharge rate ("temporal-place" representations) are much less affected by background noise. We have used synchronized discharge rate averaged over fibers with CFs near (+/- 0.25 octave) a stimulus component as a measure of the population temporal response to that component. Plots of this average localized synchronized rate (ALSR) versus frequency show clear first and second formant peaks at all vowel and noise levels used. Except at the highest level (vowel at 85 dB sound pressure level (SPL), signal/noise = +9 dB), there is also a clear third formant peak. At signal-to-noise ratios where there are no second formant peaks in rate profiles, human observers are able to discriminate second formant shifts of less than 112 Hz. ALSR plots show clear second formant peaks at these signal/noise ratios.

Familiarization and Cue Selection

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Scandura
Keyword(s):  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
Cue Selection

266 Ss were given seven different kinds of familiarization training with complex stimuli, each having only one discriminating attribute. Those familiarized with the stimuli used during PA learning had fewer learning errors than the controls. Although a significant over-all effect also was noted, sub-comparisons revealed that differential reinforcement of the discriminating stimulus cue, during familiarization, was superior to reinforcement of non-discriminating cues only with the control stimuli. The corresponding result with the learning stimuli was in the same direction, however, and no interaction was noted. The former result supported certain other predifferentiation studies; the latter findings were harder to explain, but were tentatively attributed to asymptotic conditions.

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